States of Consciousness

1
States of Consciousness

• Sleep
• Hypnosis
• Drugs

2
Waking and Sleeping Rhythms
3
When we are awake we are?
In a state of Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves and our surroundings.
4
The central theory of conscious behavior can be
found in
5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
Conscious
Subconscious
Unconscious
8
(No Transcript)
9
D A Y D R E A M S
F A N T A S I E S
What are some common Daydreams?
10
Why do we daydream?

• They can help us prepare for future events.

• They can nourish our social development.

• Can substitute for impulsive behavior.

11
Fantasy Prone Personalities

• Someone who imagines and recalls experiences with
  lifelike vividness and who spends considerable
  time fantasizing.

12
Biological Rhythms
Annual Cycles seasonal variations (bears
hibernation, seasonal affective disorder)? 28 day
cycles menstrual cycle. 24 hour cycle our
circadian rhythm 90 minute cycle sleep cycles.
13
Circadian Rhythm

• Our 24 hour biological clock.
• Our body temperature and awareness changes
  throughout the day.
• It is best to take a test or study during your
  circadian peaks.

How can the circadian rhythm help explain jet
lag?
Knee pad light exposure experiment
Sunday night insomnia
14
Sleep
15
Sleep Stages

• There are 5 identified stages of sleep.
• It takes about 90 minutes to pass through the 5
  stages.
• The brains waves will change according to the
  sleep stage you are in.
• The first four sages and know as NREM sleep..
• The fifth stage is called REM sleep.

16
Stage One

• This is experienced as falling to sleep and is a
  transition stage between wake and sleep.
• eyes begin to roll slightly.
• brief periods of alpha waves, similar to those
  present while awake

Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling.
17
Stage Two

• This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline"
  of sleep.
• This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle

18
Stage Three Four

• Stages three and four are "Delta"(deep)sleep or
  "slow wave" sleep
• It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain
  activity slows down dramatically from the rhythm
  of Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called "delta"
  

19
Stage Three and Four (continued)

• Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep
  that is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM)
  and the most restorative.
• It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's
  brain craves the first and foremost.
• In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40 of
  all sleep time and this is what makes children
  unawake able or "dead asleep" during most of the
  night.

20
Stage Five REM SLEEP

• REM Rapid Eye Movement
• This is a very active stage of sleep.
• Composes 20-25 of a normal nights sleep.
• Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity
  quicken.
• Vivid Dreams can occur.
• From REM, you go back to Stage 2

21
REM

• Body is essentially paralyzed during REM.
• Genitals become aroused. Erections and clitoral
  engorgement.
• Morning Erections are from final REM stage.

A typical 25 year old man has an erection during
half of his sleep.
A 65 year old- one quarter.
22
(No Transcript)
23
How much sleep do we need?

• We all need different amounts of sleep depending
  on our age and genetics.
• But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average.

How do you feel when you dont get enough sleep?
24
(No Transcript)
25
Can you just make up lost sleep in one night?
NO
26
Why do we need sleep?(Two theories)?

1. Ecological Niche back in the day, darkness meant
   death, those that slept did not go out, thus did
   not die. Sleep protects us.

27
Sleep helps us recuperate and restores the
breakdown of our body.
28
Sleep Disorders
29
Insomnia

• Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
• Not your once in a while (I have a big test
  tomorrow) having trouble getting to sleep
  episodes.
• Insomnia is not defined by the number of hours
  you sleep every night.
• Primary versus Secondary insomnia.

60 Million
30
Narcolepsy

• Characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks.

• Lapses directly into REM sleep (usually during
  times of stress or joy).

31
Sleep Apnea

• A sleep disorder characterized by temporary
  cessations of breathing during sleep and
  consequent momentary reawakenings.

32
(No Transcript)
33
Sleepwalking(Somnambulism)?

• Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an
  estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once
  in their lives.
• Sleep walking most often occurs during deep
  non-REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in
  the night.

34
Sleepwalking

• One common misconception is that a sleep walker
  should not be awakened. It is not dangerous to
  awaken a sleep walker, although it is common for
  the person to be confused or disoriented for a
  short time on awakening. Another misconception is
  that a person cannot be injured when sleep
  walking. Actually, injuries caused by such things
  as tripping and loss of balance are common for
  sleep walkers.

35
Dreams
36
When we discovered the different stages of sleep,
our dream research really took off!!!WHY?

• REM

37
Why do we Dream?

• Three Theories

38
Dreams

• FREUD

Manifest Content the remembered storyline of a
dream.
Latent Content the underlying meaning of a dream.
39
Manifest Content
40
Latent Content
Dream Interpretation
41
Freuds wish-fulfillment Theory

• Dreams are the key to understanding our inner
  conflicts.
• Ideas and thoughts that are hidden in our
  unconscious.
• Manifest and latent content

42
Information-Processing Theory

• Dreams act to sort out and understand the
  memories that you experience that day.
• REM sleep does increase after stressful events.

43
Physiological Function Theories

• Activation-Synthesis Theory
• during the night our brainstem releases random
  neural activity, dreams may be a way to make
  sense of that activity.

44
REM Rebound

• The tendency for REM sleep to increase following
  REM sleep deprivation.
• What will happen if you dont get a good nights
  sleep for a week, and then sleep for 10 hours?

You will dream a lot.