India and China

1
Chapter 3

• India and China

2
Early Civilization in India

• Indian Subcontinent-Triangular shaped land on
  Southern ridge of Asia
• Himalaya-Highest mnt range in world, located in
  Northern India. (Mt. Everest)
• Ganges R.-South of the Himalaya. Chief region of
  culture.
• Indus R.-West India, cradle of Indian Civ.
• Deccan Plateau-Ganges R. to southern tip
• Interior Hilly, dry
• Coasts fertile and populus

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Early Civilization in India cont

• Monsoon Seasonal wind patterns
• Summer Monsoon Warm, moist wind from the SW,
  brings rain
• Winter Monsoon Cold, dry air from NE

4
Indias 1st Civilization

• Began around 3000-1500 BC on Indus River Valley
• Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
• Around 35000 people
• Well organized sewage, waste removal
• Rulers and Economy
• Power based on belief in divine assistance
• Economy based on farming
• Traded with Mesopotamia

5
Arrival of Aryans

• Floods, earthquakes, natural disasters destroy
  Harappan Civ.
• Aryans
• 1500 BCIndo-European group migrates south across
  Hindu-Kush mnts
• Move east and south until they control most of
  India

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Arrival of Aryans

• Way of life
• Change from Pastoral Nomads to farmers. (Iron
  from Hittites)
• Wheat, barley, millet in North. Rice along
  rivers. Grain, veggies, cotton, spices in South.
• Develop writing around 1000 BC based on their
  spoken language, Sanskrit.
• India divided into small kingdoms ruled by Rajas
  (princes).

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Society in Ancient India

• Social Hierarchy
• Caste System- Set of Rigid social categories that
  determine a persons occupation, economic
  potential, and position in society.
• Caste (jati)- Inherited occupations and social
  positions. 1000s of Castes.

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Society in Ancient India

• 4 Majors classes, or Varnas
• Brahmans- Priests
• Kshatriyas-Warriors
• Vaisyas- Commoners (Commerce and farming)
• Sudras- Peasants (majority)
• Untouchables below the caste system.

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Society in Ancient India cont

• Family Life
• 3 generations together ideal
• Patriarchal-eldest male head of house
• Only men could inherit or be educated
• No divorce, daughters family paid dowry
• Widows committed suttee

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Hinduism
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Hinduism cont

• Developed out of the spiritual beliefs of the
  Aryans
• Recorded in the Vedas, set of hymns, prayers,
  poems, and ceremonies passed down orally until
  development of writing.
• Believed in the presence of a single, ever
  present force in the universe, Brahman.
• Everyone has atman, individual self, inside them.
  Part of Brahman.

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Hinduism cont

• Brahman was ultimate reality. Goal is to merge
  atman with Brahman. This union is called Moksha.
• Belief in Reincarnation emerges in 6th century
  BC.
• Cycle of death and rebirth into a different form.
• Form of rebirth depends on Karma, force generated
  by a persons actions.

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Hinduism cont

• Dharma- Divine Law requires people to perform
  the duties of their caste and not to stray.
• Yoga- Method of training designed to lead to
  union with Brahman.
• Ahimsa- Practice of nonviolence (unless violence
  required by dharma)

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Hinduism cont

• Worship hundreds of different gods
• Believed they were all forms of Brahman.
• 3 Chief gods
• Brahma- the creator
• Vishnu- the preserver (Human form-Krishna)
• Shiva- the destroyer

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Hindu Gods
Shiva
Vishnu
Brahma
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Buddhism
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Siddhartha Gautama

• Born to a Royal Family in Northern India (Modern
  Day Nepal) 6th Century BC.
• Gave up his lifestyle to find way to end human
  suffering.
• Used deep meditation to reach enlightenment about
  life.
• Becomes known as the Buddha, or enlightened
  one.

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4 Noble Truths

• 1. Life is full of Pain and suffering
• 2. Desire is the cause of suffering
• 3. The way to end suffering is to end desire.
• 4. The way to end desire is to follow the
  Eightfold Path. (Also called the Middle Path)

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The Eightfold Path

• 1. Right views
• 2. Right intentions
• 3. Right Speech
• 4. Right action

• 5. Right Livelihood
• 6. Right effort
• 7. Right mindfulness
• 8. Right Concentration

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Buddhism cont

• Accepted reincarnation but rejected caste system.
• Goal was to attain Nirvana, oneness with the
  universe.
• Spread his teachings across the country.

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Buddhism

• After Buddhas death, teachings gathered into
  book, Tripitaka
• Two Sects form
• Theruhvada Closely follow Buddhas teachings
• Mahayana Easier for everyday people to follow.

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Hinduism
Buddhism

• Karma
• 2. Moksha/
• Nirvana
• 3. reincarnation

• Founded by Buddha
• 2. 4 Noble Truths
• 3. 8 Fold Path
• 4. Reject Caste System
• 5. Reject priests, rituals,
• and gods

• Priests and rituals
• 2. Many Gods
• 3. Caste system/Dharma
• 4. No single founder
• or single sacred text

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New Empires in India
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The Mauryan Dynasty

• Est. in 321 B.C. by Chandragupta Maurya to run
  out foreign forces.
• Capital at Pataliputra.
• Vast bureaucracy roads, taxes, factories, courts
• Secret police report dissent

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The Mauryan Dynasty cont

• Asoka, grandson of Chandragupta, becomes emperor
  in 268 B.C.
• Converted to Buddhism
• Promoted nonviolence and religious tolerance.
• Built roads, hospitals, and shelters
• Empire falls apart after his death.

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Kushan Kingdom and the Silk Road

• 1st Century AD, nomadic warriors create empire in
  Bactria (Afghanistan). Stretches across Northern
  India.
• Prospered on trade along the Silk Road that ran
  through their empire.
• 4000 mi road from Changan, China to Antioch, in
  Syria.
• China traded valuable silk, spices, teas, and
  porcelain for wool and linen clothes and precious
  stones from Rome. India sent spices, Ivory,

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Silk Road
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The Gupta Empire

• Chandragupta creates Gupta Kingdom in Ganges
  River Valley in 320 AD.
• His son, Samudragupta, expanded to neighboring
  kingdoms.
• Eventually controlled most of India.
• Characterized by loose, tolerant rule.
• Wealth from Pilgrims and gold and silver mines.

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Culture

• Literature
• Vedas are the earliest known piece of Indian lit.
• Mahabharata and Ramayana written about 100 BC.
  Both filled with religious messages.
• Bhagavad Gita famous section of Mahabharata.
  Krishna tells ruler Arjuna about duty.
• Kalidasa famous Indian author.

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Culture

• Architecture
• Most famous Indian architecture built during
  reign of Asoka.
• Pillars, stupas, rock chambers
• Inspired by Buddhism

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Culture

• Science
• Advances in Astronomy Mapped the sky, recognized
  that the Earth was a sphere, rotated on an axis
  and revolved around the sun.
• Aryabhata first to use algebra
• India first to introduce concept of zero.

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Early Chinese Civilization

• Section 3

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Geography

• Huang He and Chang Jiang first civilizations in
  China.
• Chinese people isolated by deserts and mountains
• People in North had to protect farmland from
  raiders.

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Shang Dynasty1750-1045 BC

• Xia Dynasty founded over 4000 years ago.
  Replaced by Shang.
• Shang was farming society ruled by an
  aristocracy.
• Upper class whose wealth is based on land. Power
  passes from generation to generation.

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Shang Dynasty cont

• Royal family at top, aided by aristocrats.
• King chose warlords to govern territories.
• Kings buried with servants in large tombs.
• Used Oracle Bones to predict future.

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Shang Dynasty cont

• Strong belief in afterlife
• Practiced veneration of ancestors (ancestor
  worship)
• Known for bronze casting

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Zhou Dynasty 1045-246BC

• 1045- leader from Zhou state overthrows Shang
  King.
• Expanded the bureaucracy.
• Appointed aristocratic governors
• Led armies

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Zhou Dynasty cont

• Claimed to have Mandate of Heaven
• Ruler had authority from heaven to rule
• Must rule according to the way, or the Dao.
• If he did not, disaster could strike
• If overthrown, they had lost the Mandate of
  Heaven.

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Fall of the Zhou

• Zhou rulers declined morally
• States grew strong and challenged kings.
• 403 BC-Civil War breaks out, Warring States
  Period
• Iron weapons, infantry, cavalry, crossbows used
• 221- Qin Dynasty begins

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Zhou Dynasty cont

• Most were peasants, small merchant class, slaves
• Development of irrigation and iron plow aided
  farming
• Practiced Filial Piety
• Children subordinate to parents, everyone has
  role.

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Zhou Dynasty cont

• Developed written language
• Based more on pictograms and ideograms
• Evolves but never abandons original form.

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Chinese Philosophies
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Confucianism

• Confucius, known as 1st teacher, born in 551 BC.
• Traveled trying to convince rulers to follow his
  ideas
• Wanted to end violence and moral decay.
• Followers collected his ideas and says into a set
  of books called The Analects.

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Confucianism cont

• Confucianism-System of Confucian ideas.
• People are basically good
• 2 elements of the Dao (proper way) Duty and
  Humanity
• Everyone governed by 5 relationships
• Parent and child
• Husband and wife
• Older sibling and younger sibling
• Older friend and younger friend
• Ruler and subject

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Confucianism cont

• Practice humanity and tolerance of others
• Government jobs shouldnt be limited to nobles
  and aristocrats
• Ideas spread after his death

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Daoism

• System of ideas based on the teachings of Laozi
• Written in book called Tao Te Ching (The Way of
  the Dao).
• Not concerned with spiritual meaning of life, but
  on how to improve it.

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Daoism cont

• The way to find heaven is not in action, but in
  inaction.
• Encourages spontaneity, let nature take its course

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Legalism

• Founded by Hanfeizi-People are naturally evil and
  not capable of being good.
• Strong leader is necessary for orderly society.
• Must rule by fear. Set harsh laws and stiff
  punishments.

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Rise and Fall of Chinese Empires
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The Qin Dynasty 221-206 BC

• Qin Shihuangdi defeats Qin rivals in 221 BC.
• Legalism adopted as regimes philosophy.
• 3 divisions of bureaucracy Civil, military, and
  censorate.
• Censorate investigated govt officials to make
  sure they were doing their jobs
• Began construction of the Great Wall
• Qin Shihuangdi died in 210 BC
• Buried with Terra Cotta Army.

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Han Dynasty 202 BC- 220 AD

• Founded in 202 BC by peasant Liu Bang.
• Adopts Confucianism
• Chose govt officials on merit.
• Introduced civil service examination

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Han cont

• Han Wudi expanded south and west.
• Peasants forced into military service and 1 month
  of labor a year.
• Pop. Rises. Average farm 1 acre/person.

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Han cont

• Advancements in textile manufacturing, water
  mills, and grain grinding, iron casting
• Eventually Steel and paper invented
• Advancements in shipmaking make it possible to
  sail into the wind.
• Acupuncture invented