Latin American Revolutions

1
Latin American Revolutions

• Peninsulares
• Creoles
• Mestizos
• Peons
• Miguel Hidalgo
• Agustin d' Iturbide
• Francisco de Miranda
• Simon Bolivar

• Gran Colombia
• Jose de San Martin
• Pedro I
• Caudillos
• Monroe Doctrine

2
Class Systems in the Colonies

• Colonies had class systems that were highly
  unequal and would lead to future revolution.
• Peninsulares ? citizens born in Spain, were given
  the best jobs (political and military)
• Creoles ? colonists born in Latin America to
  Spanish parents, were usually landowners
• Mestizos ? children of Spanish and Indian
  parents, worked in towns, oversaw estates.
• Peons ? Indian people of mixed and African
  heritage, worked the mines, held no land

3
Miguel Hidalgo

• Hidalgo ? village priest who led Indian followers
  on an uprising against Spanish rule in Mexico
• Managed to get to Mexico City but was defeated by
  the Spanish.
• Would be executed in 1811.

4
Agustin d' Iturbide

• Iturbide ? Creole leader that won freedom for
  Mexico in 1821.
• Was a creole who managed to unite a large chunk
  of Mexico against Spain.
• Would become emperor of Mexico but is deposed in
  1824.

5
Francisco de Miranda

• Miranda ? revolutionary who worked closely with
  Simon Bolivar to free Venenzuela.
• Pleaded to England and Catherine the Great to
  assist their cause and would manage to free
  Venenzuela
• Venenzuela would be recaptured and Miranda would
  die in prison.

6
Simon Bolivar

• Bolivar ? worked closely with other
  revolutionaries in an attempt to free South
  America.
• Managed to drive out the Spanish from Colombia in
  1819.
• Was called the Great Liberator
• Freed Ecuador and Venezuela as well in 1821 and
  1822.
• Would merge these territories into Gran Colombia
  which would break up in 1830

7
Jose de San Martin

• San Martin ? worked with Bolivar for a short
  period of time, managed to free Chile and
  Argentina.
• San Martin would free Northern Peru as well and
  would consult with Bolivar to figure out what to
  do with southern Peru, but they would disagree.

8
Brazil

• John VI would flee to Brazil to avoid the wrath
  of Napoleon.
• Upon the return of John VI, Pedro I would become
  the ruler of Brazil
• He would plead to Portugal to grant Brazil its
  independence.
• It would become an independent nation and a
  monarchy and remain as such until 1889.

9
The Monroe Doctrine

• In an attempt to protect their landholdings, the
  Americans decide to pass the Monroe Doctrine.
• Monroe Doctrine ? stated that the Americas were
  closed to colonization and any attempt to
  colonize American territory would be an act of
  war.

10
Unresolved Issues

• - Creoles gained political power
• - Able to trade with all nations
• - Latin America remained disunited
• - Individual nations tailored their governments
  to the wants of the people
• - Military leaders would take over an unpopular
  government and rule as caudillos ? military
  dictators
• - Peons remained poor and still held little
  political power
• - Would revolt to gain a fairer
  distribution of land
• - All ideas of land reform would be
  resisted by landowners