LIBRARY TRAINING: WHERE

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LIBRARY TRAININGWHERE HOW TO FIND
INFORMATION FOR YOUR RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT/PROJECT
Pavlinka Kovatcheva, UJ Sciences Librarian,
APKpkovatcheva_at_uj.ac.za

• GEOLOGY STUDENTS
• February 2011

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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

• Library orientation
• - Geology Subject Portal
• 2. Steps in online searching
• 3. Searching techniques
• Electronic Databases Internet
• Reference Techniques
• Conclusion

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UJ Library Portal (http//www.uj.ac.za/library)
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UJ Sciences Librarian Portalhttp//ujsciencelibra
rian.pbworks.com/
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GEOLOGY SUBJECT PORTAL http//ujsciencelibrarian.
pbworks.com/Geology
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STEPS IN ONLINE SEARCHINGhttp//ujsciencelibraria
n.pbworks.com/Getting-Started-with-your-Research

• Step 1 Identify your topic
• Step 2 Identify the main terms or keywords
• Step 3 Combine terms by using Boolean Operators
• Step 4 Locate and access the Library Resources
• Step 5 Select an appropriate source
• Step 6 Ongoing evaluation of the search results
• Step 7 Refine your search
• Step 8 Gather citations for your sources
• Step 9 Stop searching and start writing

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STEP 1 IDENTIFY YOUR TOPIC

• Identify your topic
• Narrow your topic
• - Look up your topic in general and specialised
  subject encyclopedias. What you find will provide
  you with more specific topics, and possible
  approaches or angles to take in your paper
• Write down your topic
• - Develop several questions that you plan
  to answer in your paper or speech. This is an
  important step because your questions will become
  topic sentences for your outline. If you write
  leading questions, itll be easier to come up
  with a list of answers and issues to address in
  your project

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STEP 2 IDENTIFY THE MAIN TERMS OR KEYWORDS

• Brainstorm for a list of search terms/ keywords
• Think of words and phrases related to your topic.
  Consider broader and narrower terms, and synonyms
  (words that have the same meaning).
• Look up these terms in dictionaries and
  thesaurus. You may want to look them up in
  subject specific dictionaries and encyclopedias.
• Establish logical relationship between the
  keywords, by making use of different Searching
  techniques (AND, OR)
• Are there any specific names (authors,
  geographical locations, etc.) that would focus my
  search?

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MAKE USE OF THE THESAURUS

• Keyword searching is not always the most
  effective or efficient approach. Different
  authors use different words to describe the same
  concept or topic. Trying to think of all the
  possible ways a concept could be expressed by
  different people takes much mental effort, and
  chances are that you'll still miss a few.
• Instead, let the database itself help you. Most
  databases have a Thesaurus with lists of selected
  words or phrases. Known as "controlled
  vocabulary," it is used to describe concepts. The
  single word or phrase listed in the Thesaurus can
  replace all the words you might try to think of
  yourself.

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STEP 3 COMBINE TERMS BY USING BOOLEAN OPERATORS

• When searching the UJ Library Catalogue, the
  Databases or the Internet websites, using Boolean
  Operators helps you broaden or narrow your search
  and its results.
• - AND narrows your search,
• - OR broadens your search, and
• - NOT excludes certain terms
• Use truncation symbols (usually ? or ) to
  capture all forms of words (e.g., educat? will
  retrieve education, educating, and educators).

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STEP 4 LOCATE AND ACCESS THE LIBRARY RESOURCES

• Go to UJ Library webpage (http//www.uj.ac.za/lib
  rary)
• Click on Subject Collections
• Then select Science Librarian Portal or go
  directly to http//ujsciencelibrarian.pbwiki.com/
  
• Most databases can be accessed remotely (from
  home).
• Only Surname, student number PIN will be
  requested for access.
• Click on UJLink (http//ujlink.uj.ac.za)
• To search for the print collections in the
  library, and also to search simultaneously
  multiple resources (print AND electronic)

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STEP 5 SELECT AN APPROPRIATE SOURCE

• For background, basic information consider
• - UJ Library catalogue to search for print
  general and subject specific encyclopedias,
  handbooks, and other reference books.
• - Databases to search for electronic reference
  works, such as Oxford Reference Online, Oxford
  English Dictionary, Combined Chemical
  Dictionary, AccessScience (McGraw), Encyclopedia
  of Energy, Gale Virtual Reference Online, etc.

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Finding Information in Books

• Find books for overview retrospective
  information on the Assignment topic
• For Print Books search the UJ Library Catalogue
  (UJLink). Recommended books are also placed on
  the Reserve Short Loan Collection (Library
  Foyer). Used only in the Library for 2h.
• For Online Books search the Databases (Remote
  Access, Multiple users)
• CRC ENVIROnetBASE Online Books on Biogeography,
  Ecology, Ecosystems, etc.
• My iLibrary
• Access to ONLINE BOOKS is also available through
  UJLINK

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UJ LINK Course Reserves for Geology Recommended
Prescribed books on Reserve Short Loan
Collection (Library Foyer). Used only in the
Library for 2h.
http//ujlink.uj.ac.za/search/r
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UJ LINK Search for Books with the New DEWEY
Classification system
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New Classification System for Books Dewey
http//bpeck.com/references/DDC/ddc_mine500.htm
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Online Book References Collections
http//ujsciencelibrarian.pbworks.com/Online-Books

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STEP 5 SELECT AN APPROPRIATE SOURCE

• Find Current Information
• - For current information consider the use of
  the Electronic Bibliographic and Full-text
  databases available in the library
• - Additional search from Internet
• Consider searching selected Internet websites,
  such as Google Scholar Scirus etc.

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STEP 6 ONGOING EVALUATION OF THE SEARCH RESULTS

• Evaluation determines how effectively and
  efficiently the information need was satisfied.
• Evaluate the sources youve found, paying
  attention to their relevance, purpose, value,
  accuracy, and authors credibility.
• Remember that Internet sources should also be
  evaluated for bias and inaccuracies, and you
  should pay attention to whether the sites present
  facts or opinions.
• As you start to create an outline of your project
  or paper, note areas where you need more
  information.

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STEP 7 REFINE YOUR SEARCH

• You need to be prepared for unexpected search
  results (too much or too little information
  retrieved)
• If your search did not yield enough results, try
  searching a broader terms. If your search yield
  too many results, use narrow terms. Make sure you
  are using Boolean operators correctly
• Use alternative keywords (synonyms)
• Try different databases
• You wont necessarily use everything you find. As
  a rough guide, find twice as many sources as your
  lecturer requires. For example, if your lecturer
  asks you to find 5 items, aim for 10. This allows
  you to choose from plenty of sources rather than
  being stuck with too few or relying on an
  incomplete collection of sources

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STEP 8 GATHER CITATIONS FOR YOUR SOURCES

• As youre doing research, you should write down
  bibliographic information (author, title,
  publisher, date of publication, etc.). This will
  enable you to be prepared to create a
  Bibliography or Works Cited list.
• In books, youll find this information collected
  on a title page, one of the first few pages.
  Online journals print this information at the
  top/bottom of the page. Print journals usually
  have this information on their covers.
• Web pages are inconsistent about this
  information, so ask for help if you have trouble
  locating it.

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STEP 9 STOP SEARCHING AND START WRITING

• How do you know when you have enough information?
  
• This is hard to judge, but you need to do more
  research if you still have questions about what
  youre reading or if there are names and ideas
  that youre not sure about.
• Once you have all the information you have
  gathered it is time to start writing
• If you still experience problems, contact your
  Subject Librarian for assistance

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SEARCHING TECHNIQUES

• SEARCH STRATEGY
• Understand what is required
• Identify the concepts
• Translate the concepts into keywords
• BOOLEAN OPERATORS ( AND, OR , NOT)
• TRUNCATION ( )
• WILDCARD CHARACTER ( ? )
• PHRASE SEARCH ( )
• USE OF PARENTHESIS ( )

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BOOLEAN OPERATORSAND, OR , NOT

• DEFINITIONS OF BOOLEAN OPERATORS
• Boolean operators are the words used to group,
  combine, or intersect terms when searching
  databases. Boolean operators provide a way to
  tell a computer how to combine your keywords/
  terms. In other words, they refer to the logical
  relationship among search terms.
• The operators used more frequently are AND OR
  and not so frequently NOT. They are used to
  combine search terms to broaden or narrow the
  results of a search.
• OR is more, AND is less.

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BOOLEAN OPERATOR AND

• Using AND tells the database to look for all the
  words on either side of the AND. Thus, a search
  for "success AND adult learners AND distance
  education" would retrieve only records in which
  every one of the terms appears.
• The more words you connect with AND, the fewer
  records the database will retrieve.
• AND means "I want only documents that contain
  both words."

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BOOLEAN OPERATOR OR

• OR
• The more terms or concepts we combine in a
  search with OR logic, the more records we will
  retrieve.
• Using OR tells the database to look for any one
  of the words on either side of the OR.
• Thus, a search for "success OR achievement OR
  progress OR goals" would retrieve records in
  which any one of the terms appears.
• OR means "I want documents that contain either
  word I don't care which word."

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BOOLEAN OPERATOR NOT

• Although NOT is considered a connector, it
  probably should be called
• "The Eliminator." Use it very carefully, as it
  excludes any terms that follow it.
• You may end up losing valuable information when
  you use NOT.
• NOT logic is used to exclude a particular
  concept/term. We retrieve only records in which
  ONLY ONE of the terms is present.

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TRUNCATION ( )

• After identifying all the possible relevant
  search terms, decide whether you are going to use
  Truncation to EXTEND the search strategy.
• Truncation may be used to restrict the search to
  WORD STEM ( right truncation)
• geolog will retrieve information on geology,
  geological, geologist, etc.
• mineralog will retrieve information on
  mineralogy, mineralogical, mineralogist, etc.

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WILDCARD CHARACTER ( ? )

• Wildcard can be helpful when you are unsure of
  the correct spelling of a word.
• A wildcard is the insertion of a question mark
  symbol in place of a letter that you do not know.
• wom?n will search for both women and woman
• Use wildcard to retrieve words that are used
  differently in American and English languages.
• organi?ation will find organiSation and
  organiZation

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PHRASE SEARCHING ( )

• Phrase searching, use the quotation marks to
  search for results that contained those words
  together, rather than search for all instances of
  each separate word
• economic geology
• South Africa
• igneous petrology

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USE OF PARENTHESIS ( )

• The use of parenthesis is very important in the
  grouping of search terms, not only for clarity
  on search terms representing the same concept,
  but also for instructing the computer in WHAT
  ORDER the search should be executed.
• (Achondrites OR Stony meteorites) AND
  occurrence
• The word occurance will be combined with both
  terms before creating the final set

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ELECTRONIC DATABASES INTERNET

• Difference between Bibliographic Full-text
  databases
• Bibliographic databases the Research plan
• How to find FULL-TEXT journals in the library
• How to find a specific journals electronically
  A-to-Z list
• Electronic Databases (Bibliographic Full-text)
• How to search the electronic databases for
  articles/references

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIBLIOGRAPHIC AND FULL-TEXT
DATABASES

• Bibliographic Database
• A bibliographic database is an online database
  that lists sources of information and describes
  the information, but that does not include the
  text of the information itself. It contains only
  references to various types of documents such as
  journal articles, books, conference papers and
  reports.
• Full-text database
• A full-text database holds the complete text of
  original sources. The user can read the article,
  print, e-mail or download a copy.
• NOTE
• Full-text databases also provides access to
  abstracts only (Some journals have Publishers
  restrictions for displaying the full-text
  articles)

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HOW A BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE SEARCH FITS INTO A
RESEARCH PLAN

• A search of a bibliographic database is the first
  step in investigating a new research area or
  refining a research project.
• Surveying the previous research enables you to
  pinpoint topics for further research or
  replication of that research.
• You can also use a search to locate general
  articles and books on your topic to broaden your
  understanding of it and to learn about recent
  developments.
• After your research is complete, you can use a
  bibliographic search as an efficient way to find
  articles on your topic that were published since
  your initial search, in order to incorporate
  these recent findings into your report.
• Once references are retrieved from a
  bibliographic databases, you need to try and
  find the full-text articles.

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HOW TO FIND SPECIFIC JOURNALS IN PRINT AND
ONLINE UJLink
Search for Print Electronic Journals per TITLE
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HOW TO FIND SPECIFIC JOURNALS ELECTRONICALLY
A-to-Z JOURNAL LIST
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY FULL-TEXT DATABASES

• Academic Onefile (Infotrac)
• Academic Search Complete (EbscoHost)
• JSTOR (Retrospective database, 3-5 years back
  file)
• MasterFILE Premier (EbscoHost)
• SA E-publications ( South African journals)
• ScienceDirect ( Elsevier Publ. journals)
• SpringerLink (Springer and Kluwer Publ. journals)
• Wiley Online Library

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SCIENCE DIRECT DATABASE
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SCIENCE DIRECT FEATURES Full Abstracts Sort by
Relevance/Data View Related Articles Search
Feeds Search within Results Full-text options
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WILEY ONLINE LIBRARY (full-text, 1997)
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SPRINGER LINK DATABASE
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SUBJECTS BIBLIOGRAPHIC FULL-TEXT DATABASES

• Geology
• Data Metalogenetica (repository of mineral
  deposits)
• GeoRef (Bibl. Database)
• GeoScienceWorld (35 full-text journals)
• SAGEOLIT (Bibl. Database)
• Chemistry
• ACS (American Chemical Society) (full-text)
• RSC (Royal Society of Chemistry) (full-text)
• SciFinder (Bibl.)
• Physics
• APS Prola (full-text)
• Institute of Physics (IOP) (full-text)

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SUBJECT BIBLIOGRAPHIC FULL-TEXT DATABASES

• Mathematics
• MathSciNet (full-text)
• IT
• ACM (Association of Computing Machinery)
  (full-text)
• Academic Onefile (incl. Computer database)
  (full-text)
• Safari Tech Books Online (300 full-text e-books)
• Engineering
• ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers (incl.
  full-text)
• CRC ENGNetBase (e-books)
• Engineering Village2 (incl. Compendex, Inspec)
• IEEE Xplore (incl. full-text)
• Referex (e-books)

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GEOREF GEOSCIENCE WORLD DATABASES QUICK SEARCH
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GEOREF GEOSCIENCE WORLD DATABASES ADVANCED
SEARCH
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GEOREF GEOSCIENCE WORLD FEATURESQuick
Advanced search screen Select Document type
Retrieve both full-text and references only
Thesaurus terms PDF HTML full-text Once the
article is open, on the right side of the screen
you can find alerts e-mail options Citing
articles Google Scholar author search results
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SAGEOLIT (through SabinetOnline)
Select SAGEOLIT
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Type your keywords to search SAGEOLIT
Your Results List
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DATA METALLOGENICAGlobal Reference System for
ore deposit informationRequires password to
access
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SOUTH AFRICAN DATABASES

• Africa-Wide Nipad (EbscoHost)
• Works published in and about Africa South
  Africa
• SA E-Publications
• Bibliographic and full-text access to South
  African journals
• Sabinet Online
• Access to various databases with SA content

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SA E-PUBLICATIONS DATABASEFull-text articles are
available Limit search with Full-text/ No
full-text/ both Limit per Journal title
Accredited Non-accredited journals. PDF
articles will open in a new window. Select
references e-mail / print them
TYPE YOUR KEYWORDS
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GOOGLE SCHOLAR http//scholar.google.com Basic
Advanced search screen Search for Author,
Publication, Date range. Under Preferences
Export to RefWorks option View Recent articles
(2003) Cited by Related articles Full-text
available
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REFERENCE TECHNIQUES

• To access full Reference Techniques document, go
  to the Library main page
• http//www.uj.ac.za/library
• Click on Reference Techniques
• OR
• Consult the reference techniques from
• South African Journal of Geology
• Shelf number AG6 SAJG Level 2

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REFERENCE TECHNIQUES TERMINOLOGY

• Citation recognizing resources in-text (to
  support an argument/conclusion)
• Reference list List of resources used
  bibliographic details
• Bibliography list of relevant documents used
  and additional reading material

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REFERENCE TECHNIQUES

• Avoid Plagiarism by
• Keeping a record of all the sources - books,
  e-mails, lectures (when, who, what?)
• Linking own ideas with that obtained from sources
• Collecting/using a wide range of sources
• Acknowledge, acknowledge, acknowledge!

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Basic in-text referencing (citing)

• In-text reference where the author of the source
  is known
• Simply use whatever you used as author in the
  reference, as well as the year of publication.
  Always insert the page number where possible.
• Examples
• the result of this is a technical super
  identity (Erikson, 196720).
• Azar and Martin (1999) found that (As part of
  the sentence)
• thus Cox (196652) refers to the modern
  urbanite as
• In-text reference to more than one source
• In-text reference to more than one author should
  be ordered alphabetically.
• Examples
• More recent studies (Bartlett, 1992 James,
  1998) show that
• The researchers (Bartlett, 199254 Brown,
  187656 James, 199845) refer to

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GENERAL FORMS FOR REFERENCE LISTS

• Non-periodical
• Author, A.A. (1994). Title of work. Location
  Publisher.
• Non-periodicals include items published
  separately books, reports,brochures, certain
  monographs, manuals, and audiovisual media.
• Part of a Non-periodical
• Author, A.A. Author, B.B. (1994). Title of
  chapter. In Title of book. Edited by Editor, A.,
  Editor, B. Editor, C. Location Publisher.
• Periodical
• Author, A.A., Author, B.B. Author, C.C.
  (1994). Title of article. Title of periodical,
  xxxxx-xxxx. (Volume/Issue number/Pages)
• Periodicals include items published on a regular
  basis journals, magazines, scholarly
  newsletters, etc.
• Online periodical
• Author, A.A., Author, B.B. Author, C.C.
  (2000). Title of article. Title of periodical,
  xxxxx-xxxx. (Volume/Issue number/Pages)
  Available from web address (Accessed day Month
  year).
• Online document
• Author, A.A. (2000). Title of work. Available
  from web address (Accessed day Month year).

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THANK YOU

• Pavlinka Kovatcheva
• Subject Librarian Sciences
• Tel [phone]
• e-mail pkovatcheva_at_uj.ac.za