Oil

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Oil

• AHS Agriculture

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Warm-up

• What do you know about oil?

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Unit Project

• Create an energy efficient system
• Make a model
• Two page paper on why it would work
• Due day of test, Oct 12

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Essential Question

• How is oil extracted and processed?

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Black Gold

• Past- petroleum pumped from ground, stored, and
  shipped in barrels
• Traditional barrels contained 42 gallons

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Black Gold

• Still measured in barrels
• Crude oil prices vary depending on wars,
  hurricanes, natural disasters

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Black Gold

• Takes 1 million years to form
• Plants animals die, settle to bottom of ocean
  (swamp, pond), pressure exerted, oil formed

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Black Gold

• Oil squeezed into rocks or reservoir rocks
• Petroleum engineers- find oil deposits

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How found?

• 1. Gravimeter- principle that gravitational pull
  of oil-filled rocks differs from rocks containing
  no oil

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How found?

• 2. Magnometer- measures differences in the
  magnetic pull of earth to find oil bearing rocks.
  Enables Geophysicist to locate rock layers that
  might contain oil

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How found?

• 3. Seismograph- sound waves to identify various
  layers formations under the Earths surface
• Offshore drilling rigs
• Video

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Extraction Process

• Oil Refinery ? crude oil distilled into various
  products
• Fuels, lubricants, and petrochemicals
• Examples?

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Extraction Process

• Fuels- aviation gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene,
  etc
• Lubricants- greases, road oils, medicine oil
• Petrochemicals- alcohol, ink, paint, plastic,
  food additives, etc

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Extraction Process

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vjk0WrtA8_T8
• Answer Questions Provided

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Natural Oil and Gas Seeps

• Exploring oil seeps lab

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Fossil Fuels and Their Impact
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Essential Question

• How does burning fossil fuels affect us?

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Warm-up

• Why is our country so developed while other
  countries stay undeveloped?

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Coal

• Black or brown rock from plants between 1-400
  million years ago
• Swamp areas
• 25 of global energy
• 40 of worlds electricity

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Coal

• US 68 production of electricity
• 13 steel production
• 9 general industries
• 1 home heating

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Coal

• Top coal-producing states West Virginia,
  Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, and
  Virgina.
• What is similar for all above states?

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Coal

• Releases sulfur dioxide when burned
• Odor, irritates eyes and respiratory tract.
• Combine with oxygen- sulfur trioxide- coughing,
  choking, acid rain

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Oil Refining

• Carbon Monoxide- incomplete combustion of any
  fuel
• headache, nausea, death, unconsciousness, smog

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Natural Gas

• Most perfect and in-demand fuels of US
• Heats our homes, cook, production of plastic,
  detergents, and drugs

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Natural Gas

• Gas located about oil deposit
• Problem with supplying it when needed in winter
  months

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Particulate Matter

• Traps in air passages, reduce air capacity,
  severe breathing and respiratory problems.
• Asthma, Emphysema, Fog
• Smoke and Soot

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Smog

• Hybrid of smoke and fog
• Obstructs vision, smells bad
• Modern-day- produced by complex
  sunlight-stimulated chemical reactions among auto
  exhaust

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Smog

• Eye irritation, pulmonary diseases, lung cancer,
  paint and fabric deteriorate when exposed

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Ground-Level Ozone

• Chlorofluorocarbons (refrigerants)
• Formed by complex reactions of primary pollutants
  with oxygen
• Beneficial after storm
• High concentration- irritant

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Activity

• Testing Car Exhaust!

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Alternative Energy Sources
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Essential Question

• How can we use alternative energy in everyday
  life?

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Warm-up

• Why is burning fossil fuels bad?

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Solar Energy

• More abundant, less exhaustible, and more
  pollution-free than any other energy source

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Solar Energy

• Sun as energy source
• Energy 100,000 times greater than electrical
  capacity of world

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2 types Active Passive

• Active- capture, store and distribute energy from
  sun. collector, storage mechanism, distribution
  device needed
• Energy most needed at night

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2 types Active Passive

• Passive- provide avenues for sun to enter but
  rely on natural airflow to provide distribution.
• Only has collection device, south-facing solar
  panel
• EX Greenhouse, homes w/other heat source

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• Can experiment

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Geothermal Energy

• Involved trapping underground heat in
  volcanically active areas.
• Steam piped through ground to turbines that turn
  electric generators

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Geothermal Energy

• 2 disadvantages
• 1. energy not uniformly located around country
  (cheap clean when available)
• 2. minerals in steam very hard on machinery

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Hydropower

• Water power
• Dams constructed, water released in openings to
  drive turbines connected to electrical generators

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Hydropower

• Opposed by environmental groups when dam
  constructed, waters are slowed backed up,
  wildnerness areas are destroyed

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Nuclear, Tidal, Wind, and Wood Power

• Alternative forms of energy

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Warm-up

• What do you know about nuclear, tidal, wind, and
  wood power?

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Lesson Essential Question

• Why are people concerned with nuclear, tidal,
  wind, and wood power?

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Nuclear Power

• Using energy from a fission process for an energy
  source
• Fission- nuclear reaction where the nucleus
  splits into smaller parts when interact with
  another compound

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Nuclear Power

• Fission gives off heat
• Once started, continues on own
• Uranium most used

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Nuclear Power

• Fissioning 1 lb of uranium yields explosive force
  of 10,000 tons of TNT
• Release slowly, produces 12 million kilowatt
  hours of power

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Nuclear Power

• Cadmium used to control or stop reaction by
  absorbing neutrons
• As reaction progresses- heat produced

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Nuclear Power

• Water in tubes turns to steam to turn electrical
  generators
• Aux water system used to maintain core at 1,000F

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Nuclear Power Concerns

• Fear of explosion or uncontrolled heat buildup
  causing a meltdown
• Heating of water

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Nuclear Power Concerns

• Disposal of radioactive waste
• Uranium lasts 2 years
• Processing removes unused
• Wastes packaged stainless steel and buried
• Lasts 100 years

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Nuclear Power Concerns

• Better technique??
• Containers in above ground concrete bunkers
• Care to make sure not broken open

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Tidal Power

• Tides like clockwork Huge forces
• Small basins constructed, collect water during
  high tide
• Release with tide to drive electric generators

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Tidal Power

• 2.9 million megawatts of power
• Inexpensive and always available

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Wind Power

• New tower with propeller blades to turn
  generators that produce electricity
• Limits- wind not always blow, speed varies,
  storage in DC battery

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Wood for Burning

• Advantages- widely available, renewable natural
  resource
• Disadvantages- less convenient to burn, bulkier,
  less efficient

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Experiment

• Tidal Power

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Energy from Biomass

• Alternative Energy Sources

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Warm-up

• What is in your gasoline?

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Essential Question

• How are we using our grains and wastes
  efficiently?

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Energy from Biomass

• Biomass- total dry weight of all of the living
  organisms in a given area at a given time

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Energy from Biomass

• 2 kinds
• 1. Agricultural, municipal, and Industrial wastes
  used to produce energy
• 2. plants that are grown specifically to be used
  for energy production

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Energy from Biomass

• 2004- US- 2.76 billion gallons of Ethanol from
  corn
• 2005- Brazil- 4.2 billion gallons of Ethanol from
  sugar and molasses
• 33-2 chart Cost of ethanol production varies by
  crop

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Ethanol from Grain

• Ethanol from grain been around for a long time
• Burns cleanly and efficiently
• Alcohol less explosive and more stable
• Less pollution

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Ethanol from Grain

• Grow yeasts in a grain solution, yeasts take in
  sugar, protein, vitamins, minerals, and give off
  carbon-dioxide and ethanol (alcohol)
• Produced from corn to by products of cheese

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Ethanol from Grain

• Supplies never run dry
• No fancy refineries needed

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Ethanol from Grain By-Products

• Carbon-dioxide- carbonation of beverages, drying
  grain, fertilizer production, fire extinguishers,
  refrigeration, dry-ice
• Residue from alcohol feed for livestock

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Methane from Biowaste

• Using anaerobic bacteria to decompose waste.
  Methane produced as by-product
• Methane odorless gas w/heating rate of 600-700
  BTUs per cubic foot

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Methane from Biowaste

• Decomposing wastes produce methane and hydrogen
  sulfide (sewage smell)
• Scrubbers can remove the hydrogen sulfide

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Methane from Biowaste

• Can be produced artificially in methane digester
• Airtight container holding wastes to be
  decomposed
• 50 of gas extracted first 2 weeks, up to 6 weeks

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Methane from Biowaste

• Sludge used as fertilizer after
• Storage-big and bulky
• Farmers-use heat to produce alcohol from grain,
  get more out of livestock waste
• Lessen amount of fossil fuels used (434 diagram)

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Energy Crops

• Raw sugar from sugar cane sugar beets easy to
  convert to energy through fermentation
• Chemical processing to extract oils from plants
  then converted into refined fuel
• Vegetable oil cars

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Energy Crops

• Trees potential energy crop
• Soybean sunflower produce oil can be converted
  to fuel
• Algae that grow in lakes and ponds produce oil
  can be converted to fuel

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Cellulosic Ethanol

• Plants made of lignocellulose
• Convert sunlight to sugar
• Lignocellulose broken down chemically to release
  sugar
• Then converted to ethanol
• Whole trees, switchgrass

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Activity

• Cellulosic Ethanol Experiment

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Soy Biodiesel

• Alternative forms of Energy

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Warm-up

• How is ethanol produced?

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Lesson Essential Question

• What is soy biodiesel and how is it produced?

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Soy Biodiesel

• Clean burning, non-toxic, alternative fuel made
  from vegetable oils
• 1 bushel soybeans 1.5 gallons of biodiesel
• Can be used in pure form B100.

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Soy Biodiesel

• Can be blended with petroleum diesel to create a
  blend 2080 biodiesel to petrodiesel. B20

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Advantages

• 1. Burns cleaner
• 2. Exceptional lubricating qualities
• 3. New enginescomsumption similar, old engines
  better consumption

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Advantages

• 4. biodegradable and non-toxic
• 5. promising as marine fuel
• 6. domestic, renewable resource
• 7. positive energy balance

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Disadvantages

• 1. currently more expensive
• 2. additional land use needed
• 3. gives out nitrogen oxide
• 4. transportation and storage costs
• 5. less suitable for lower temps

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Production

• 3 routes
• 1. base catalyzed transesterification
• 2. direct acid catalyzed transesterification of
  the oil
• 3. Conversion of oil to fatty acid then to
  biodiesel

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Production

• Most biodiesel produced with 1st option
• Low temp and pressure
• Yields high conversion (98) (minimal side
  reactions and reaction time)

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Production

• Most biodiesel produced with 1st option
• Direct conversion- no intermediate compounds
• No exotic materials needed

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Production

• Chemical reaction and process on reading
• Create a diagram/drawing that will explain
  process and reaction better for you

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Activity

• Using the information in the soy products guide,
  choose a product create an advertisement
  selling this product to an audience
• 30 minutes

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Activity

• Investigate the impact of land use related to
  alternative conventional energy sources
• Is there a low or high impact? Why?

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Review

• Review for exam