Chapter 21: Changes in American Life Section 3: Segregation and Discrimination Section 4: Society and Mass Culture

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Chapter 21 Changes in American LifeSection 3
Segregation and DiscriminationSection 4
Society and Mass Culture
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At the turn of the Century (1900), there was
still a lot of racism and discrimination across
the whole country.

• Against African Americans, Asians, Native
  Americans, Mexicans, and many of the European
  immigrant groups.
• Even the scientists said that whites were
  superior to every other race.
• The South had some of the worst of these problems

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Finding ways to put restrictions on voting was
one of many forms of discrimination.

• Laws were passed that set up reading tests as
  voter qualifications sometimes they were even
  written in Latin.
• Voters were sometimes charged poll taxes.
• One law said you couldnt vote if your ancestors
  before 1867 couldnt vote.

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There were also Jim Crow laws (12)

• These were laws which involved separating whites
  and blacks in public places (schools, trolleys,
  public restrooms, drinking fountains,
  restaurants, etc)

Click here to see some Jim Crow Laws
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There was even an important court case which
backed these ideas (Plessy vs. Furgeson)

• The supreme court said it was okay that this
  segregation was legal (that separate, but equal
  was okay).
• Of course, equal ends up being the key word.

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African Americans continued to make advances

• Booker T. Washington (16) (an ex-slave) started
  the Tuskegee Institute to help African Americans
  learn trades and gain economic strength. But to
  gain support for his institute, Washington didnt
  really challenge ideas of segregation.

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• Washington was the dominant figure in the African
  American community in the United States from 1890
  to 1915, especially after he achieved prominence
  for his Atlanta Address of 1895.
• To many politicians and the public in general, he
  was seen as a popular spokesperson for African
  American citizens. Representing the last
  generation of black leaders born into slavery, he
  was generally perceived as a credible proponent
  of educational improvements for those freedmen
  who had remained in the post-Reconstruction, Jim
  Crow South.
• Throughout the final 20 years of his life, he
  maintained this standing through a nationwide
  network of core supporters in many communities,
  including black educators, ministers, editors and
  businessmen, especially those who were
  liberal-thinking on social and educational
  issues.
• He gained access to top national leaders in
  politics, philanthropy and education, and was
  awarded honorary degrees. Critics called his
  network of supporters the "Tuskegee Machine."

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In June 1941, the Tuskegee program officially
began with formation of the 99th Fighter Squadron
at the Tuskegee Institute, a highly regarded
university founded by Booker T. Washington in
Tuskegee, Alabama.
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One person who did challenge segregation was
W.F.B. DuBois (19)

• He encouraged African Americans to reject
  segregation.
• He, and other reformers founded the N.A.A.C.P.
  (20)
• (the National Association for the Advancement
  of Colored People)

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And the KKK was still around

• More than 2500 African Americans were lynched
  between 1885 and 1900.
• Ida B. Wells (21) is a southern women who tried
  to stop the lynchings.
• She feared for her safety and ended up moving to
  Chicago.
• Many other Blacks moved North to escape the
  violence, but the North had some of the same
  issues.
• For example, in 1908, two blacks were lynched
  just a few blocks from Lincolns home.

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Cartoon by Thomas Nast. As the Jim Crow system
emerged, African Americans sought better
opportunities in the West. Simultaneously,
Chinese escaping from the Anti-Chinese violence
in the West migrated to the East, establishing
Chinatowns in Chicago and New York among others.
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When all the immigrants came, people felt there
was a great need to educate them.

• Public schools as we know them began about this
  time.
• As more people became educated, they began to
  read more so books and newspapers became more
  popular.
• Two of these early newspaper pioneers were
  Joseph Pulitzer (29) and William Randolph Hearst
  (30)

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When newspapers started growing in popularity, so
did the idea of advertising in them.

• These helped people learn about new inventions
  and where people could get them.
• Department stores began to open one man who
  opened one in Chicago was Marshall Field.

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People who didnt live near a department store
could order things through the mail

• Companies like Montgomery Ward, and Sears Roebuck
  sent out mail-order catalogues, where you could
  get just about anything.
• And, the post office was now even going to
  deliver mail out to the country

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Since more people were now living in the cities

• With all kinds of new inventions and
  technologies
• They didnt have to work the long, hard hours
  farmers had to
• And labor unions were getting better working
  conditions (less hours) for workers
• These city people had a lot more free time on
  their hands.

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10 largest U.S. cities in 1900according to the
census

1. New York (3,437,000)
2. Chicago (1,100,000)
3. Philadelphia
4. Boston
5. St. Louis
6. Baltimore
7. Cleveland
8. Buffalo
9. San Francisco (343,000)
10. Cincinnati

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In 1900 more leisure time

• Sports were starting to grow (baseball was the
  only professional sport)
• No radio or TV though (big stadiums were built)

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• Womens clothes were still conservative
• Bicycles (one of most common forms of recreation
  for common people)

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Commercial Entertainment started to become popular

• Vaudeville (40)
• Soap Operas
• Burlesque

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Trolley Parks / Amusement Parks
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Public Pools / Swimming
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In about 10 years Automobile (only for the rich)
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Kinetoscope (early moving pictures)
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Nickelodeons 5 cent movies(1st movie
theaters)
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Zoos
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