Mongol Empire

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Mongol Empire
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Objectives

• The student will demonstrate knowledge of
  civilizations and empires of the Eastern
  Hemisphere and their interactions through
  regional trade patterns by
• Locating major trade routes
• Identifying technological advances and transfers

• Questions
• What were the major trading routes in the Eastern
  Hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 C.E.
• How did trade facilitate the diffusion of goods
  and ideas among different cultures?

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Building the Mongol Empire

• Nomads of the Asian Steppe
• Steppe- dry grassland
• Can have extreme temperature
• Two steppes
• Western Steppe extends from Eastern Europe to
  Central Asia
• Eastern Steppe covers present-day Mongolia
• Boundaries constantly shift
• Nomads who lived in the steppe mainly practiced
  pastoralism
• Constantly on the move
• Skilled on horseback
• Traveled together in kinship groups called clans
• l

• Mongols
• Nomads
• Grazed horses and sheep on steppes
• from the Eastern steppe
• Characteristics
• Tough skilled warriors
• Skilled horseman
• Clans often fought each other for power

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Genghis Khan

• Born Temujin in 1160s C.E.
• 1200s C.E. unifies the clans under his leadership
• Defeats rivals
• 1206 C.E.Takes name Genghis Khan or Universal
  Emperor

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Rise of Genghis

• Genghis Khan died in 1227 C.E.
• Successors would continue to expand empire
• Son Ogadi became the Great Khan

• Military conquests
• First goal China
• Invaded in 1215 C.E.
• Second goal the Islamic region in Mongolia
• Conquered by 1221 C.E.
• Characteristics of success
• Brilliant organizer
• Imposed strict military discipline
• Had highly trained mobile army
• Gifted strategist
• Adopted new weapons and technologies used by
  enemies
• Used cruelty as a weapon

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Conquests

• Genghis Khans ancestors continued his conquest
  of China
• Dominated Asia for 150 years
• Spread from Russia to Europe
• Almost reached Western Europe
• After Ogadais death in 1241 C.E. the empire was
  split into four khanates
• Khanate of the Great Khan
• Mongolia and China
• Khanate of Chagatai
• Central Asia
• The Ilkhanate
• Persia
• Khanate of the Golden Horde
• Russia

• Conquerors
• Wiped out entire populations of cities
• Destroyed ancient irrigation systems in
  Mesopotamia
• Not oppressive rulers
• Only had to pay tribute
• Began to adopt customs of the cultures they ruled

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Mongol Peace

• Period called Pax Mongolica
• From mid -1200s to mid- 1300s
• Mongols protected the silk road
• Set stage for economic growth
• Increased foods, tools, inventions, and ideas
  flourished along trade routes

• From China
• Windmills
• Gunpowder
• Papermaking
• Bubonic plague?
• To China
• From Middle East
• Crops
• Trees

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China under the Mongols

• Yuan Dynasty (1279.- 1368 C.E.)
• Important period for Chinese history
• United China for the 1st time in 300 years
• Control imposed by Mongols brought cultural
  diffusion to China
• Tolerated Chinese government and made few changes
• Japan
• Tried to conquer in 1274 and 1281 C.E.
• 2nd attempt was largest seaborne invasion until
  D-Day during WWII

• Genghis grandson Kublai Khan conquered south
  China, the Song Dynasty, in 1279
• Called it the Yuan Dynasty
• Kublai Khan ruled all of China, Korea, Tibet, and
  Vietnam from the capital in Khanbaliq ( Beiijing)

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Mongol Rule in China

• Mongol Rule
• Mongols kept separate identity
• Lived apart from Chinese
• Obeyed different laws
• Mongols occupied higher positions in government
• Achievements
• restored the Grand Canal
• extended it 135 miles to Beijing
• Paved a highways over 1,100 miles
• Ensured steady supply of grain and goods from
  South

• Foreign Trade
• Kublai Khan encouraged foreign trade
• Mongol peace provided safe caravan routes
• Greatly improved trade
• Invited foreign merchants to visit China
• Mainly Muslims from India, Central Asia, and
  Persia
• Christians also reached China

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Marco Polo

• Most famous European to visit China
• Arrived around 1275 C.E.
• Spent 17 years in China working for Kublai Khan
• Sent on government missions
• Wrote vivid account of wealth and splendor of
  China
• Described mail system
• Described city of Hangzhou
• Astonished Europeans with stories of rich Asia
• Most didnt believe stories

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Fall of the Mongols

• 1368 C.E. rebels overthrew the Mongols
• Decline of the Mongol Empire
• By the end of the Yuan dynasty, the Mongol empire
  had disentigrated
• Lost Persia in 1330s C.E.
• Lost Central Asia in 1370s C.E.
• Only retained power in Russia until 1480 C.E.

• Mongol armies advanced into Vietnam, Java,
  Sumatra, and Japan
• Conquered Vietnam
• Fell victim to too many conquests, corruption at
  court, and growing internal instability
• Kublai Khan died in 1294 C.E.
• Mongol rule weakened after
• Rebellions broke out

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Objectives

• The student will demonstrate knowledge of
  civilizations and empires of the Eastern
  Hemisphere and their interactions through
  regional trade patterns by
• Locating major trade routes
• Identifying technological advances and transfers

• Questions
• What were the major trading routes in the Eastern
  Hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 C.E.
• How did trade facilitate the diffusion of goods
  and ideas among different cultures?