Title: How to make sure your Students Learn what you want them to
1How to make sure your Students Learn what you
want them to
Claus Brabrand ((( brabrand_at_itu.dk ))) (((
http//www.itu.dk/people/brabrand/ ))) Associate
Professor, Ph.D.Software and Systems Section
IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark
2An Introduction toConstructive Alignment and
The SOLO Taxonomy
Claus Brabrand ((( brabrand_at_itu.dk ))) (((
http//www.itu.dk/people/brabrand/ ))) Associate
Professor, Ph.D.Software and Systems Section
IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark
3Exercise
T
"What is good teaching?"
4Outline (Oct 10, 2013)
- 1) Introduction
- Constructive Alignment
- The SOLO Taxonomy
- 2) From Content to Competence
- Advocate a shift in perspective
- Elaborate on The SOLO Taxonomy
- 3) In Practice
- Concrete recommendations
- Alignment implementation process
5Introduction to
- Constructive Alignment SOLO Taxonomy
John Biggs popular and heavily cited book
Teaching for Quality Learning at
University - What the student does
J. Biggs C. Tang, 2007
Teaching Teaching
Understanding Understanding
19 min award-winning short-film on Constructive
Alignment (available on DVD in 7 languages,
epilogue by John Biggs)
6Neighbour Discussion
T
"What are the film'smain messages (in your
opinion)"?
7Outline (Oct 10, 2013)
- 1) Introduction
- Constructive Alignment
- The SOLO Taxonomy
- 2) From Content to Competence
- Advocate a shift in perspective
- Elaborate on The SOLO Taxonomy
- 3) In Practice
- Concrete recommendations
- Alignment implementation process
8From Content to Competence
- My old course descriptions (Concurrency 2004)
- Given in terms of a 'content description'.
- Essentially
- Goal is
- To understand
- deadlock
- interference
- synchronization
- ...
This is a bad idea for two reasons...!
9Problem 1 !
- Problem with 'content' as goals !
analyze ... theorize ...
analyze systems explain causes
define deadlock describe solutions
agreement
Stud. C
- Goal is
- To understand
- deadlock
- interference
- synchronization
- ...
tacit knowledge from a research-based tradition
not known by student
Teacher
name solutions recite conditons
analyze systems explain causes
Stud. B
?
Stud. A
Censor
10Problem 2 !
- Problem with 'understanding' as goals !
- Goal is
- To understand
- deadlock
- interference
- synchronization
- ...
'concept of deadlock' ?!
?
The answer is simple
It cannot be measured !
11Competence !
Competence knowledge capacity to
act upon it
Have the student do something and then observe
(evaluate) the product and/or process
- Objective !
- To learn how to
- analyze systems for...
- explain cause/effects...
- prove properties of...
- compare methods of...
- ...
Note 'understanding' is of course
pre-requisitional !
?
Note' inherently operational ( verbs)
'SOLO' Structure of the Observed Learning
Outcome
12Neighbour Discussion
T
"How does this content vs competence relate to
YOUR courses?"
13SOLO (elaborated)
Note the list is non-exhaustive
QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE
SOLO 2 uni-structural
SOLO 3 multi-structural
SOLO 4 relational
SOLO 5 extended abstract
- theorize
- generalize
- hypothesize
- predict
- judge
- reflect
- transfer theory (to new domain)
-
- analyze
- compare
- contrast
- integrate
- relate
- explain causes
- apply theory (to its domain)
-
- combine
- structure
- describe
- classify
- enumerate
- list
- do algorithm
- apply method
-
- define
- identify
- count
- name
- recite
- paraphrase
- follow (simple) instructions
-
14SOLO verbs
- Mapped by
- B. Dahl C. Brabrand
- (Natural science context!)
- With help from
- 3 Educational research colleagues (medicine)
- J. Biggs C. Tang
15SOLO Advantages
- Advantages of The SOLO Taxonomy
- Linear hierarchical structure (good for
progression) - Aimed at evaluating student learning
- Converges on research (at SOLO 5)
ResearchProduction ofnew knowledge
16Exercise
T
"Key competences in YOUR course?"
Concurrency analyze systems compare models
17The BLOOM Taxonomy (1956)
Analysis
Evaluation
Synthesis
SOLO 45
Qualitative
Application
Comprehension
Quantitative
SOLO 23
Knowledge
really intended to guide the selection of
items for a test rather than to evaluate the
quality of a students response to a particular
item -- (Biggs Collis, 1982)
18Outline (Oct 10, 2013)
- 1) Introduction
- Constructive Alignment
- The SOLO Taxonomy
- 2) From Content to Competence
- Advocate a shift in perspective
- Elaborate on The SOLO Taxonomy
- 3) In Practice
- Concrete recommendations
- Alignment implementation process
19Implementation Process
1) Think carefully about overall goal of
course (what students learn to do?)
2) Operationalize these goals and formulate
them as SOLO intended learning outcomes
alignment
learning incentive
learning support
3) Choose carefully the form(s) of assessment
( intended learning outcomes)
4) Choose carefully the form(s) of teaching
( intended learning outcomes)
20Concrete Recommendations
1) Use 'standard formulation' a) puts
learning focus on the student b) competence
formulation "to be able to"
- Intended Learning Outcomes Genetics
101 - After the course, the students are expected to be
able to - locate genes on chromosomes
- do simple calculations (e.g., recombination
frequencies, in-breeding
coefficients, Hardy-Weinberg,
evolutionary equilibria). - describe and perform connexion-analysis
- describe fundamental genetic concepts (e.g.,
mutation variation,
in-breeding, natural selection). - describe and analyze simple inheritancies
- analyze inheritance of multiple genes
simultaneously
4) Avoid 'understanding-goals' "To
understand X", "Be familiar with Y",
"Have a notion of Z" !
V
N
N
V
N
V
V
V
N
V
V
N
V
3) Use 'Verb Noun' formulation What the
student is expected to do with a given
matter .
2) List sub-goals as 'bullets' Clearer than
text
N
V
21Implementation Process
1) Think carefully about overall goal of
course (what students learn to do?)
2) Operationalize these goals and formulate
them as SOLO intended learning outcomes
alignment
learning incentive
learning support
3) Choose carefully the form(s) of assessment
( intended learning outcomes)
4) Choose carefully the form(s) of teaching
( intended learning outcomes)
22Teaching/Learning Activities
functional knowledge (problem oriented)
Project work
Case teaching
teacher centric
student centric
Exercise class
Lecture
declarative knowledge (discipline oriented)
23Lecture (about Application)
- Teacher activity
- Introduce
- Explain
- Elaborate
- Discuss application
- Give examples
- Show PPT slides
- Questions on slides
- Winding up
- Student activity
- Listen
- Listen (maybe take notes)
- Understand? (correctly? deeply?)
- Listen (maybe take notes)
- Listen (maybe take notes)
- Watch (maybe note points)
- Write answers to questions
- Possibly ask a question
vs.
active teacher
vs.
Biggs Tang 2007, p.137
passive student
24Learn about vs. Learn to do
- Learning (about)
- about application
- about cooking
- about programming
- about designing
- about analysis
- about construction
- about relating
- ...
- Learning (to do)
- to apply
- to cook
- to program
- to design
- to analyse
- to construct
- to relate
- ...
studentlistening
(to something about something)
vs.
student doing !!
25Student Activation
"The (in-famous) Learning Pyramid"
Average retention rate
Note these percentages are "bogus"
5
Lecture
Listening Learning about
passive student
10
Reading
20
Audiovisual
student activation
30
Demonstration
active student
50
Discussion group
75
Practice by doing
Doing Learning to do
80
Teaching others
NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Science,
Bethel, Maine
26Constructive Alignment
- Make explicit ILO's ( )
-
- (and tell this to students)
Intended Learning Outcomes
ILO's
Teaching LearningActivities
Assessment
vs.
ROBERT extrinsically motivated
SUSAN intrinsically motivated
27Questions...
Cognitive processes
Course descriptions
My research and teaching
"understanding" content ? competence
Association new old
The SOLO Taxonomy
'TLA' Teaching / Learning Activities
Teacher models levels 1 - 2 - 3
The Film
The Book
Susan Robert
?
Student activation
Tips'n'Tricks
CS v. NAT v. MAT
recite generalize
15 programming
Students at University
"What is good teaching?"
Constructive Alignment
John Biggs
Top Competences
28Now, please "2-minute recap"
T
- Please spend 2' on thinking about and writing
down the most important points from the talk
now!
Immediately
After 1 day
After 1 week
After 2 weeks
After 3 weeks
29Key References
- Teaching for Quality Learning at
UniversityJohn Biggs Catherine TangSociety
for Research into Higher Education, 2007.
McGraw-Hill. - Evaluating the Quality of Learning The SOLO
TaxonomyJohn Biggs Kevin F. CollisLondon
Academic Press, 1982 - Teaching Teaching Understanding
UnderstandingClaus Brabrand Jacob Andersen19
minute award-winning short-film (DVD)Aarhus
University Press, Aarhus University, 2006 - "Constructive Alignment The SOLO Taxonomy a
Comparative Study of University Competencies in
Computer Science vs. Mathematics"Claus Brabrand
Bettina DahlCRPIT, Vol. 88, ACS 3-17, R.
Lister Simon, Eds., 2007
30Thank You!
Film's homepage
((( http//www.daimi.au.dk/brabrand/short-film/
)))
31Tips'n'Tricks (activation)
- focus zoom in
- anonymous (!)
- swap'able
- everyone will engage
- empathetic control
- shared knowledge pool
- more questions (students dare ask them)
- better questions (students had a chance
to discuss)
Phil Race
1-2 min timeout
pulse reader measurements
lecturing blended with in-class activation
exercises
32Tips'n'Tricks (cont'd)
- Use many examples(build on student
pre-knowledge)
1. xxxxxxxxxx 2. yyyyyyyyyy 3. zzzzzzzzzz 4.
wwwwwww
1. xxxxxxxxxx 2. yyyyyyyyyy 3. zzzzzzzzzz 4.
wwwwwww
1. xxxxxxxxxx 2. yyyyyyyyyy 3. zzzzzzzzzz 4.
wwwwwww
1. xxxxxxxxxx 2. yyyyyyyyyy 3. zzzzzzzzzz 4.
wwwwwww
?
- self evident to you teacher
- not to a learner student
- (esp. during learning process)
common deadlock, uncommon deadlock,
A-synchronization, B-synchronization, hand-shake,
multi-party synchronization, multi-party
hand-shake, binary semaphores, generalized
semaphores, blocking semaphores, recursive locks,
...
vs.
now
after 1 day
after 1 week
after 2 weeks
after 3 weeks
Emphasize depth over breadth (coverage)
33Problematic Courses
- E.g. course Databases (at RUC/Roskilde)
- Note almost entirely non-operational(!)
- i.e. measure how?!
- obtain knowledge about the structure of
database systems - be familiar with design of databases by use of
special notations like E/R and analysis
through normalization - get an overview of the most important database
models and a detailed knowledge about the
most important model - the relational model
as well as the language SQL - get an overview of database indexing and query
processing - obtain knowledge about application programming
for DB systems.
Familiar with ?!
34UNALIGNED COURSE
?
Teachers intention
Students activity
- e.g.
- explain
- relate
- prove
- apply
"Dealing with the test"
Exams assessment
35ALIGNED COURSE
?
Teachers intention
Students activity
- e.g.
- explain
- relate
- prove
- apply
- e.g.
- explain
- relate
- prove
- apply
- e.g.
- explain
- relate
- prove
- apply
Exams assessment
- e.g.
- explain
- relate
- prove
- apply
- e.g.
- explain
- relate
- prove
- apply
36Student Motivation
- Susan (intrinsic motivation)
- - wants to learn !
- Robert (extrinsic motivation)
- - to pass exams !
37Constructivism
- Transmission is Dead
- (lectures )
- Knowledge is Actively Constructed !
!
active teacher passive students
risk
38SOLO Taxonomy
- Hierarchy for Competences
- Deep learning (not surface) !
5 generalize, theorize, predict, 4 explain,
analyze, compare, 3 describe, combine,
classify, 2 recite, identify, calculate,
39Stud Learning Focus
- Focus on Student Learning !
- (instead of what teacher does
- labelling students good/bad)
- Student activitation ? learning
40Alignment
- Make explicit ILOs
- (Intended Learning Outcomes)
-
- (and tell this to students)
Exam ILOs Teaching
41Acquisition of Competence
- Acquisition of competence progresses according to
the following stages of learning - 1) Unconscious incompetence
- 2) Conscious incompetence
- 3) Conscious competence
- 4) Unconscious competence
- 5) Capacity for moving consciously between
stages 3) and 4) (which is required by a
teacher)
42On the Role of Examination
- Constructive Alignment
- A systemic theory (a teaching system w/
cause/effects) - A theory of planning (over the course of a
course) - A theory of motivation (and incentive)
- From the exam as a......to
"The exam does not come after, but before the
course!"
"Necessary evil"
application of alignment
Motivational and learning-guiding pedagogical
tool for the teacher(!)
43Definition Good Teaching
- Definition
- Good news (we now know how to do this)
- Alignment!!!
- Explicitly defined course objectives (as verbs)!
- Discourage surface-learning!
- Encourage depth-learning!
- Less-is-more depth rather than breadth of
coverage!
Good teaching is getting most students to use
the higher cognitive level processes that the
more academic students use spontaneously --
Teaching for Quality Learning at University,
John Biggs, 2003
44The SOLO Taxonomy (1982)
- SOLO 1 (Pre-Structural)
- Here the subject does not have any kind of
understanding but uses irrelevant information
and/or misses the point altogether. Scattered
pieces of information may have been acquired, but
they are unorganized, unstructured, and
essentially void of actual content or relation to
a topic or problem. - SOLO 2 (Uni-Structural)
- The subject can deal with one single aspect and
make obvious connections. The subject can use
terminology, recite (remember things), perform
simple instructions/algorithms, paraphrase,
identify, name, count, etc. - SOLO 3 (Multi-Structural)
- At this level the subject can deal with several
aspects but these are considered independently
i.e., not in connection with one another.
Metaphorically speaking the subject sees the
many trees, but not the forest. He or she is able
to enumerate, describe, classify, combine, apply
methods, structure, execute procedures, etc. - SOLO 4 (Relational)
- At level four, the subject may understand
relations between several aspects and how they
might fit together to form a coherent whole. The
understanding forms a structure and now he or she
sees how the many trees form a forest. A subject
at this level may compare, relate, analyze, apply
theory, explain in terms of cause and effect,
etc. - SOLO 5 (Extended Abstract)
- At this level, which is the highest, the subject
may generalize structure beyond what was given,
may perceive structure from many different
perspectives, and transfer ideas to new areas. He
or she may generalize, hypothesize, criticize,
theorize, etc.