Chapter%207%20Transforming%20the%20notes%20into%20a%20rough%20draft

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Chapter 7Transforming the notes into a rough
draft

• 9410021A Amy
• 9410023A
  Sharon
• 9410025A
  Vicki

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7a. Preparing to write the rough draft A
checklist

• 1. Formulate a thesis.
• 2. Go over your notes.
• 3. Organize your notes in the order of their
• appearance in the paper.
• 4. Write an outline or abstract of the paper,
  breaking
• down the thesis into an ordered list of topic.

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Writing rough draft with typewriter or by pen or
pencil

• 1. Triple-space
• 2. Separate sheet for each paragraph
• 3. Use dictionary
• 4. Use thesaurus

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7c. Writing rough draft with a computer

• 1. Not necessary to use triple-space or
  separate page per paragraph.
• 2. Run the draft through spelling checker.
• 3. Consult the built-in thesaurus.

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• 7c-1 Overdoing it
• 1. Do not use fancy fonts.
• ex The purpose of this research
• Instead of ? The purpose of this research
• 2. Do not resort to extravagance.
• ex The Purpose Of This Research
• Instead of? The purpose of this research

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7c-2 Using spelling-checker

• Spelling-checker
• Catch misspelling of a word, but nobody
• can tell you whether you use a word correctly
• or not.
• You still need to check your work by
• yourself.

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7d Using your notes in the paper

• Be sure that the progress of your paper is
• logical and that you have not left out some
• important material.
• 7d-1 Summaries and paraphrases
• The sources of summaries and paraphrases
• must be given in the body of the paper.
• ? in running text or in parentheses

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• I.
• When the court life Russia died out at the
  imperial palace of Tsarskoe Selo, all kinds of
  political salons suddenly made their appearance
  in various sections of St. Petersburg. Although
  these new salons became the breeding ground for
  the same kinds of intrigues, plots, counterplots,
  and rivalries that had taken place at the
  imperial palace, somehow their activities seemed
  dwarfed, and their politics lacked the grandeur
  and dazzle that had accompanied the political
  style at the palace.

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• II.
• When the court life Russia died out at the
  imperial palace of Tsarskoe Selo, all kinds of
  political salons suddenly made their appearance
  in various sections of St. Petersburg. Although
  these new salons became the breeding ground for
  the same kinds of intrigues, plots, counterplots,
  and rivalries that had taken place at the
  imperial palace, somehow their activities seemed
  dwarfed, and their politics lacked the grandeur
  and dazzle that had accompanied the political
  style at the palace (Fulop-Miller 101)

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• III.
• As Hugh Seton-Watson points out in the preface
  to his book on the Russian empire, most people
  tend to forget that the Russian empire was
  multinational and therefore peopled with many
  non-Russian citizens, most important of whom were
  the polish (ix).
• The summary here is more emphatic because it
  
• is coupled with the name of the authority.

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7d-2 Direct and indirect quotations

• Direct quotation
• Quotations must be reproduced with the
• exact someone elses words.

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• Direct quotation
• ? Saddler makes the following statement
• The sentence-combining can provide
  straight,
• mindful in managing and rewriting basic
• sentences into more syntactically mature.
• Indirect quotation
• ? Saddler suggests that the sentence-combining
• is very useful to make many writing types
  into
• more syntactically mature.

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• Direct quotation
• Quotations must be reproduced with the exact
  phrasing , spelling, and punctuation of
• the original.
• Modification made in a quotation
• ? in a note placed in square brackets
• within the quotation
• ? in parentheses at the end of the quotation
• ? ( )

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• Ex
• Milton was advocating freedom of speech when
  he said, Give me the liberty to know, to think,
  to believe, and to utter freely emphasis added
  according to conscience, above all other
  liberties (120).

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7d-3 Using brief direct quotations

• Brief quotations (four lines or less) can be
• introduced with a simple phrase.
• 1. If the quotation is grammatically parts
• of the sentence, the first word of the
• quotation does not need to be capitalized.

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• Original quotation
• Some infinitives deserve to be split.
• 
  Bruce Thompson
• Quotation used as part of a sentence
• Bruce Thompson affirms that writers always
  have suspected, namely that some infinitives
  deserve to be split.

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• 2. If the quotation is used at the end of a
  declarative sentence, it is followed by a period
  whether or not a period is used in the original.
• Ex
• Original quotation
• Love is a smoke raisd with the fume of
  sighs
• 
  Shakespeare
• Quotation used in a declarative sentence
• In Act I Romeo describes love as a smoke raisd
  with the fume of sighs.

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7d-4 Using long quotationIntroduce by a
sentenceWith a colonDouble space

• Example
• The final paragraphs ofA Rose for Emilybring to
  a horrifying climax all the elements of Gothic
  horror that have pervaded the story
• For a long while we just
  stood there, looking down at the profound and
  fleshless grin. The body had apparently once lain
  in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long
  sleep that outlasts love had cuckolded him. What
  was left of him, rotted beneath what was left of
  the nightshirt, had become inextricable from the
  bed in which he lay and upon him and upon the
  pillow beside him lay that even coating of the
  patient and biding dust.
• Set off with an indentation, not within
  quotation marks.
• Do not leave an extra line space

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7d-5 Using quotation from poetry1.two or three
linesSeparate the lines by a slashThe ravens
croak, the low wind chocked and drear, / The
baffled stream, the gray wolfs doleful cry are
typical Romantic images used by William Morris to
create a mood of idle despair.

• 2.more than three linesintroduce with a
  colondouble-spacingindented one inch or ten
  spacesIn the following lines fromYou Ask Me
  Why, Thol lll at Ease,Tennyson expresses the
  poets desire for freedom to speak out
• It is the land that freemen till,
• That sober-suited Freedom chose,
• The land, where girt with friends of
  foes
• A man may speak the thing he will.

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7d-6 Using a quotation within another
quotationUse single quotation markRollo May is
further exploring the daimonic personality when
he states that in his essay, Yeats goes so far
as to specifically define the daimonic as
theOther Will.

• Use double quotation mark
• In his essayDisease as a Way of Life,Eric J.
  Cassell makes the following observation
• As the
  termdiarrhea-pneumonia complexsuggests, infants
  in the Navajo environment commonly suffered or
  died from a combination of respiratory and
  intestinal complaints that are not caused by any
  single bacterium or virus.

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7d-7 Punctuating quotationsplace
commas and period (inside)Three times
today?Lord Hastings declares in Act 3,my
foot-cloth horse did stumble, and started, when
he lookd upon the Tower, as loath to bear me to
the slaughter-house. place colons and
semicolons (outside)Brutus reassures Portia,
You are my true and honourable wife, ad dear to
me as are the ruddy drops that visit any sad
heart?consequently, she insists that he reveal
his secrets to her. place quotation marks and
exclamation points (inside)King Henry asks,What
rein can hold licentious wickedness when down the
hill he holds his fierce career?orWhich
Shakespearean character said,Fortune is painted
blind, with a muffler afore her eyes?
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7d-8 Handling interpolations in quoted
materialbe placed in square bracketsThe
critical review was titledA Cassual sic
Analysis of Incest and Other passions.7d-9
Using the ellipsisOmissions within a sentence
are indicated by three spaced dots
OriginalMammals were in existence as early as
the latest Triassic, 190 million years ago, yet
for the first one hundred and twenty million
years of their history, from the end of the
Triassic to the late Cretaceous, they were a
suppressed race, unable throughout that span of
time to produce any carnivore larger than
cat-size or herbivore larger than
rat-size.Quotation Adrian Desmond, arguing
that dinosaurs were once dominant over mammal,
points out that mammals were in existence as
early as the latest Triassic yet for the first
one hundred and twenty million years of their
history they were a suppressed race, unable
throughout that span of time to produce any
carnivore larger than cat-size or herbivore
larger than rat-size.
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Omission at the end of a sentence use a
period followed by three spaced dotsAdrian
Desmond, arguing that the dinosaurs were once
dominant over mammals, points out that for
millions of years the mammals were a suppressed
race, unable throughout that span of time to
produce any carnivore larger than cat-size.
Unacceptable Mammals were in existence as
early as the latest Triassic, 190 million years
ago, yet for the first one hundred and twenty
million years of their history, according to
Triassic. unable throughout that span of time to
produce any carnivore larger than cat-size or
herbivore larger than rat-size.

• 7d-10 Overusing quotation
• 7d-11 Personal commentary
• your own opinion appear as personal comments in
  your notes

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7e How to use quotations to explore and discover

• It is not only to provide the authority opinions,
  the writer also have to react to them according
  to the personal theories and views.
• The thesis should reflect your own views, and the
  authorities you provide should be less credit
  than your personal judgment.
• You must assert your opinion you must react to
  the research you must say why you think it right
  or wrong.

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Ex. Drug taking should be banned, because it will
cause disease.

• Research should inform our best decisions and
  influence our values, and you should not be
  afraid to defend what you believe or to disagree
  with those with whom you differ.

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7f Writing with unity, coherence, and emphasis

• The primary rule of writing the research paper is
  that your notes must be blended smoothly into the
  natural flow of the paper.
• The paper should not seem a patchwork of
  unrelated snippets. In sum, you must observe the
  rhetorical principles of unity, coherence, and
  emphasis.

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7f-1 Unity

• The rhetorical principle of unity means that a
  paper should stick to its chosen thesis without
  rambling.
• EX. Appearance will affect a persons confidence.
• The paper should pursue just that comparison.
• Ex. Single and married.

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• Every writer should commit the editorial murder
  of a favorite image, word, phrase or sentence
  that simply didn't fit.
• Ex. Kill someone.
• To observe the principle of unity, you simply
  have to follow the lead of your thesis.

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7f-2 coherence

• If unity means sticking to the point, coherence
  means sticking together.
• Here are four suggestions to help you write
  coherence paragraphs
• 1.repeat key words or use clear pronouns.
• Notice the key word smoker in the paragraph.

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• Despite their efficacy, clinic-based
  interventions for smoking cessation reach only a
  minority of smokers in the population.1,2
  Interventions provided by family and friends to
  smokers in their natural environment may have
  wider reach and greater population impact.3-5 The
  recent Clinical Practice Guideline on treatment
  of tobacco use and dependence provides evidence
  for the role of social support in cessation.6
  Because many college students are exposed to
  smokers (eg, peers) in their natural environment,
  there is potential for engaging them as change
  agents for smoking cessation. The current study
  represents the first step toward this goal, in
  that we assessed college students' willingness to
  help a smoker quit.

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• Repetition of the word smoker can provide
  connection of the sentences.
• Other pronounce
• he, himself, his, they, it

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2. Use parallel structures.

• The deliberate repetition of certain word,
  phrases, or clauses in a paragraph can give
  sentences a cohering rhythm an harmony.
• Ex. Should
• When people have free time, they should do the
  meaningful activities. They should do more
  exercise to keep healthy. They should read more
  to increase the intelligence. Also they should
  go outside, instead of staying at home everyday.

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3. Use transitional markers.

• Common among these markers are the conjunctions
  and, or, nor, but, and for.
• In addition, basal cell carcinomas are a far more
  common form of non-melanoma skin cancer than
  squamous cell carcinomas (80 versus 19 percent,
  respectively). However, actinic keratosis lesions
  do not appear to be a precursor to basal cell
  carcinomas. In a study of 6,000 Australians, a
  pre-existing actinic keratosis was a predictive
  factor for squamous cell carcinomas and basal
  cell carcinomas. C Co-existing actinic keratosis
  lesions were found in all but one of the 38
  patients with squamous cell carcinomas however,
  co-existing actinic keratosis were found in 76 of
  the 124 persons with basal cell carcinomas. This
  demonstrates that basal cell carcinomas do not
  require a co-existing actinic keratosis lesion to
  develop.

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Transitional markers add to the coherent and
smooth development of the ideas in a paragraph.

• Adding furthermore, in addition, moreover,
  similarly, also
• Opposing however, though, nevertheless, on the
  other hand, unlike
• Concluding therefore, as a result, consequently
• Exemplifying for example, for instance, to
  illustrate, that is
• Intensifying in fact, indeed, even, as matter of
  fact
• Sequencing first, second, finally, in
  conclusion, to sum up, in short

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4. Use a transitional sentence.

• Ex
• Previous analysis of this RCT by univariate
  statistical methods found that persons using the
  interdental brushing technique showed greater
  improvement in pocket depth, plaque indices, and
  bleeding on probing than those using the flossing
  technique (Jackson et al., 2006). .Since no
  difference was found in the bleeding scores
  between interdental brushing and flossing, it has
  been hypothesized that the difference in pocket
  depth reduction was attributed to marginal
  gingival recession induced by the use of
  interdental brushing (Christou et al., 1998).
• However, univariate statistical methods
  cannot disentangle the direct and indirect
  effects of different oral hygiene methods on the
  change in pocket depth. For instance, a greater
  resolution in the gingival inflammation due to a
  more effective oral hygiene technique might cause
  a greater gingival recession. .

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7f-3 Emphasis

• Emphasis requires the expression of more
  important ideas in main or independent clauses
  and of less important ideas in subordinate or
  dependent clauses.
• In sum, emphatic writing attempts to rank ideas
  through grammatical structure.

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7g Using the proper tense

• MLA and CMS style present tense
• APA style past or present perfect tense
• Ex.
• Novelis,reveal
• Social science reported, was

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7h using graphics in your research paper

• The ease with which graphics can be downloaded
  from the Internet or scanned from books and
  periodicals has changed the look of the modern
  student research paper.
• A pie chart, a block table, some graph
• If you have the expertise, many computers allow
  the creation of tables, line graphs, or pie
  charts on your own.

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General rules

• Place your graphics as close as possible to their
  introduction.
• Know the difference between figures and tables.
• Provide the source.
• Full-color art is acceptable, but the heading and
  explanations should be in black print.
• Always explain the table or figure before you
  show it in your text.
• Make your explanations as brief and clear as
  possible.

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For a paper on the relationship between China and
Taiwan

Fig. 1. Map of China and Taiwan
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For a paper on ancient China art
http//www.npm.gov.tw
Fig. 2. Jadeite Cabbage with Insects from ancient
China
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For a paper on grammar
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7i Writing the abstract

• Abstract is a summary of the major ideas
  contained in your research paper.
• No more than one page (about 120 words)
• Falls on page 2.

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Grammar 2
Abstract

• In two experiments, we developed a new
  methodology for studying complex stimulus control
  by spatial sequences of letters generated by
  artificial grammars. An artificial grammar is a
  system of rules that defines which letter
  sequences or strings are "grammatical." In
  Experiment 1, pigeons learned to respond
  differently to strings conforming to a grammar
  versus strings that were nongrammatical
  distortions. Several different criteria all
  suggested that performance was controlled both by
  some short chunks of strings shared between
  reinforced training strings and novel transfer
  strings and by more complex sequential
  regularities. In Experiment 2, pigeons quickly
  and accurately learned to respond differently to
  strings conforming to one or the other of two
  different artificial grammars. As in Experiment
  1, performance was controlled both by some short
  chunks and by more complex sequential
  regularities. The results are interpreted in
  terms of family resemblance and pose new goals
  for theories of complex stimulus control.