MIGRATION

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MIGRATION

• WHAT IS IT?
• GEOGRAPHIC
• MOVEMENT
• CHANGES PEOPLE, PLACES
• DIFFUSION
• SPATIAL INTERACTIONS
• CONNECTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
• MOBILITY, FROM LOCAL TO GLOBAL, FROM DAILY TO
  ONCE IN A LIFETIME
• WE ALL LEAVE HOME!

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• Human migration is physical movement by humans
  from one area to another, sometimes over long
  distances or in large groups. The movement of
  populations in modern times has continued under
  the form of both voluntary migration within one's
  region, country, or beyond, and involuntary
  migration (which includes the slave trade, and
  ethnic cleansing).

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TYPES OF MOVEMENT

• CYCLIC, SHORTER PERIODS AWAY FROM HOME
• ACTIVITY SPACES
• COMMUTING
• SEASONAL
• NOMADISM
• PERIODIC, LONGER PERIODS
• MIGRANT LABOR
• TRANSHUMANCE-PASTORAL FARMING
• COLLEGE
• MILITARY SERVICE
• MIGRATION, PERMANENCE
• RELOCATION ACROSS DISTANCE
• INTERNATIONAL (TRANSNATIONAL, ACROSS
  BORDERS)
• EMIGRANT (ONE WHO MIGRATES OUT)
  TO IMMIGRANT (ONE
• MIGRATES IN)
• EMIGRATION SUBTRACTS FROM TOTAL
  POP. WHILE IMMIGRATION
• ADDS TO TOTAL POP.
• INTERNAL MIGRATION

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THINKING ACTIVITY

• CHOOSE A TYPE OF CYCLIC OR PERIODIC MOVEMENT.
  THEN THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF THE KIND OF
  MOVEMENT. DETERMINE HOW THIS MOVEMENT CHANGES
  BOTH THE HOME AND THE DESTINATION. HOW DO THESE
  PLACES CHANGE AS A RESULT OF THIS CYCLIC OR
  PERIOD MOVEMENT?

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WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

• FORCED MIGRATION - IMPOSTION OF POWER FOR
  MOVEMENT
• EX., ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
• BRITISH CONVICTS TO AUSTRALIA, USA AND NATIVE
  AMERICAN REMOVALS, USSR PURGES
• VOLUNTARY MIGRATION MOVEMENT AFTER
  OPTIONS/CHOICES
• EX., EUROPEAN MIGRATION
• TO USA, 19TH AND 20TH CEN.,
• EXCEPT IRISH

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• THE DECISION TO MIGRATE HAPPENS WITHIN A
  HOUSEHOLD, PLACE, NATION, REGION, AND WORLD, EACH
  WITH ITS DYNAMICS.

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WHY? REASONS

• RAVENSTEIN, UK DEMOGRAPHER AND LAWS OF MIGRATION
• 1.EVERY MIGRATION FLOW GENERATES A RETURN OR
  COUNTER-MIGRATION
• 2.MAJORITY OF MIGRANTS MOVE A SHORT DISTANCE.
• 3.MIGRANTS WHO MOVE LONG DISTANCES TEND TO MOVE
  TO URBAN AREAS.
• 4.URBAN RESIDENTS ARE LESS MIGRATORY THAN RURAL
  RESIDENTS.
• 5.FAMILIES ARE LESS LIKELY TO MAKE INTERNATIONAL
  MOVES THAN YOUNG ADULTS.

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PUSH AND PULL FACTORS

• RAVENSTEINS GRAVITY MODEL, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
  PLACES BASED ON POP. SIZE AND DISTANCE BETWEEN
  THEM.
• THE NUMBER OF MIGRANTS TO A PLACE DECLINES AS
  DISTANCE OF TRAVEL INCREASES.
• PUSH-CONDITIONS WHICH FORCE MIGRANT TO LEAVE
• PULL-CONDITIONS WHICH ATTRACT MIGRANT TO GO
  ELSEWHERE
• RELATED TO PULL IS DISTANCE DECAY, WHICH IS
  RELATED TO DISTANCE, THE GREATER THE DISTANCE,
  THE LESS INTERACTION.
• ANOTHER FACTOR, INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY, STATES
  NEARER OPPORTUNITY DIMINISHES FARTHER AWAY SITES.
• STEP MIGRATION, STAGES OF MIGRATION
• CHAIN MIGRATION, PREPARATION FOR FAMILY MIGRATION
  RESULTING IN POSSIBLE IMMIGRATION WAVES
• EX., GREAT MIGRATION, USA, EARLY 1900S

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TYPES OF PUSH AND PULL

• 1.LEGAL STATUS
• DEPORTATION
• 2.ECO. CONDITIONS
• 3.POWER RELATIONSHIPS
• GENDER, ETHNICITY, MONEY FACTORS
• 4.POLITICS
• 5.CONFLICT AND CIVIL WAR
• 6.ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
• 7.CULTURE AND TRADITIONS
• 8.TECHNOLOGY

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WHERE DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?

• WHAT ARE MIGRANTS DESTINATIONS?
• MIGRATION FLOWS
• 1.GLOBAL
• 2.REGIONAL
• 3.NATIONAL

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• Net migration rate showing positive, negative and
  0 (N/A), based on CIA factbook data, accessed
  April 2006

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GLOBAL, AFTER 1500

• EURO COLONIZATION
• FLOWS
• 1.FROM EUR TO N. AM.
• 2.FROM S. EUR TO MID. AND S. AM.
• 3.FROM GB AND IRE TO AF AND AUS
• 4.FROM AF TO NEW WORLD, SLAVERY
• 5.FROM INDIA TO E. AF , SE ASIA, WEST INDIES

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REGIONAL

• NATION TO NATION
• WHY?
• 1.ECO
• ISLANDS OF DEVELOPMENT
• (ECO. ACT, JOBS, INFRASTRUCTURE)
• EX., EUR COL IN AFRICAN COASTAL CITIES,
  AND CHINESE TO SE ASIA
• 2.CUL. CONNECTIVITY
• JEWS IN THE MID. EAST, ISRAEL
• 3.FLEE CONFLICT
• GERMAN MIGRATION AFTER WW II

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NATIONAL

• INTERNAL MIGRATION
• EX., USA, POP MOVEMENT W. AND S. BLACK MIGRATION
  FROM S TO N THEN BACK S
• RUSSIA, W. TO E.

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REFUGEES

• 1951, REFUGEE CONVENTION
• A PERSON WHO HAS A WELLFOUNDED FEAR OF BEING
  PERSECUTED FOR REASONS OF RACE, RELIGION,
  NATIONALITY, MEMBERSHIP OF A PARICULAR SOCIAL
  GROUP, OR POLITICAL OPINION
• ASYLUM, RIGHT TO PROTECTION IN FIRST NATION
• REPATRIATION, RETURN TO HOMELAND
• INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS, IDPs

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• LARGEST SPATIAL AREAS OF REFUGEES
• 1.SUBSAHARAN AFRICA
• 2.SW ASIA AND N. AF

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1.SUBSAHARAN AFRICA

• EX. SUDAN, DARFUR REGION, NW
• THE ARAB, ISLAMIC GOVT IN THE N. BEGAN A CAMPAIGN
  OF GENOCIDE AGAINST NON ARAB, DARK-SKINNED
  AFRICANS IN THE S., ALSO FUNDING THE REBEL
  MILITIA GROUP, THE JAJAWEED.
• POSSIBLY 500,000 DEATHS, 2.5 MIL DISPLACED
• ABOVE HELPS UNDERSTAND COMPLEX POL. CONFLICT AND
  MIGRATION FLOWS IN SUBSAHARAN AF.

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2.NORTH AFRICA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA

• REGION OF LONGEST-LASTING REFUGEE PROBLEMS
• EX
• ISRAELDISPLACED ?
• IRAQDISPLACED ?
• JORDAN AND SYRIA DISPLACED ?
• IRAN AND PAKISTANDISPLACED ?