Chapter 20- Protists

1
Chapter 20- Protists
2

• Characteristics of Kingdom Protista
• eukaryotic cell type
• classified by mode of nutrition (how they get
  their food)- ingest, photosynthetic, OR
  decompose/parasites
• most diverse kingdom catch-all kingdom
• mostly unicellular auto-or heterotrophic

• 3 major groups
• animal-like (protozoans- all unicellular)
• plant-like (algae)
• fungal-like (molds)
•  

3
I. Animal-like protists- aka PROTOZOANS
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20-1
I. Animal-like protists- aka PROTOZOANS
A. zooflagellates- Phylum Zoomastigina-harmful or
helpful sleeping sickness termite guts to
digest wood mostly asexual (mitosis/cytokinesis)
some sexual rep. where (gametes fuse)

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-African sleeping
sickness
Giardia-campers/ hikers
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichonympha termite gut
5
B. Phylum Sarcodina -amoebas--pseudopodia to move
(amoeboid movement) and feed, no cell wall, food
vacuole, asexual reproduction (mitosis/
cytokinesis) some parasitic
Entameoba causes dysentery
6
C. Phylum Ciliophora -ciliates- -cilia for
feeding and locomotion, fresh/saltwater,
Paramecium - (trichocysts,-defense, micronucleus
(all genes-repro.) and macronucleus (most
genes-daily needs), gullet, food vacuoles
lysosomes,
anal pore, contractile vacuole (pumps excess
water-homeostasis) asexual rep./ but also a
sexual process called conjugation
7
Conjugation in Paramecia
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
MEIOSIS
8
D. Phylum Sporozoa- sporozoans-no locomotion-
parasites (worms, fish, birds, humans)-spores-comp
lex life cycle more than one host infects liver
and RBCs- genus Plasmodium-causes malaria-female
Anopholes mosquito  
Mosquito tranfers sporozoites from salivary glands
Mosquito bites human
Liver
Can be transmitted to another mosquito Cycle
begins again
Red blood cells
RBCs burst open causing chills, fever
RBCs infected with merozoites
9
II. Plant-like Protists- that are unicellular
Importance produce over 50 of the O2 in
atmosphere by photosynthesis basis of most
aquatic food chains (phytoplankton) harmful
algal blooms
A. Euglenophyta-plant animal-like (auto- or
heterotrophic) eye spot move towards light no
cell walls (special cell membrane-pellicle) two
flagella chloroplasts asexual rep-binary fission
B. Chrysophyta yellow-green and golden-brown
algae-cell walls made of pectin and/ or
cellulose store food as oil instead of starch
sexual/ asexual rep.
C. Bacillariophyta-Diatoms-shells made of silica
sexual/ asexual pill-box shape diatomaceous
earth is mined for grit in toothpaste and
cleaners
10
Chrysophyta-golden brown algae
Euglena
Bacillariophyta-Diatoms
chloroplast
eyespot
flagella
11
D. Dinoflagellates (Pyrrophyta)- ½
photosynthetic ½ heterotrophs mostly
asexual-binary fission two flagella in grooves
spin many bioluminescent some cause red tides
neurotoxin can build up in Shellfish causing
paralysis, illness or death in humans and fish
Karenia brevis
Aerial Views-Red tide-coast of Maine
12
III. Plant-like Protists- that are
multicellular-Red, Brown and Green Algae

1. Red Algae- Rhodophyta- chlorophyll a phycobilins
   (absorbs blue light so grow at greater depths
   than other algae -down to 260m) most
   multicellular marine polar regions to tropics
   may be green, purple, or reddish-black provide
   most of calcium carbonate for coral reefs

B. Brown Algae-Phaeophyta- chlorophylls a and c
fucoxanthin most complex of algae, all
multicellular mostly marine cool, shallow
coastal waters from temperate to arctic areas
largest giant Kelp, grow to 60m most common
rockweed see adaptations?
Blades
Bladder
Stipe
Holdfast
13
C. Green Algae-Chlorophyta-multicellular/
colonial or unicellular fresh/ marine moist
land cellulose cell walls chlorophylls a and b
store food as starch possibly ancestor of
plants alternation of generations like land
plants (haploid gametophyte and diploid
sporophyte structures)
IV. Uses and benefits of Algae

1. Base of aquatic food chains habitat for aquatic
   life

B. Foods and Medicines- rich in Vitamin C and
iron ice cream/ yogurt/ pudding/ syrups-texture,
Nori (wrap sushi), treat stomach ulcers, high
blood pressure, arthritis
C. Industry- additives in plastics, waxes,
transistors, deodorants, paints, lubricants,agar
(science)
14
V. Funguslike Protists
A. Cellular Slime Molds
1.retain individual cell membranes throughout
life cycle
2. Spend most of life as free-living amoebas,
then when food is scarce, aggregate together in a
colony forming fruiting bodies that release
spores that form ameobas again.
15
B. Acellular Slime Molds

• Begin life cycle as amoebas, then aggregate,
  cells FUSE and LOSE individual cell membranes
  act as a single, multinucleated organism called a
  plasmodium growing several meters in diameter.

2. Sporangia form from plasmodium producing
haploid spores by meiosis spores scatter
producing amoebas (or flagellated cells) two
cells fuse to form diploid zygotes repeating the
cycle.
16
C. Water Molds

1. Grow hyphae (filaments) like fungi, but unlike
   fungi, and have centrioles, cell walls made of
   cellulose instead of chitin produce motile
   spores instead of nonmotile spores
2. Ex white fuzzy growth on dead fish

17
D. Ecology of Fungal Protists
1. Decomposers- recyclers of organic material
2. Land dwelling water molds cause numerous plant
diseases ex grapes, tomatoes
3. Potato Blight (P. infestans)- caused one of
the largest mass immigrations in US History-
Great Potato Famine-1845-1851- over 1 million
Irish people died of starvation over 1 million
immigrated to the US and other countries
4. Pioneer Species- Lichens- Algae (protist and
fungi)-mutualsism
Effects of late blight lesion on potato crop
18
20-1

• A protist is any organism that is not a plant, an
  animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote.
• A. True
• B. False

19
20-1

• Funguslike protists are
• A. autotrophic.
• B. photosynthetic.
• C. decomposers or parasites.
• D. chemosynthetic.

20
20-1

• Animal-like protists are
• A. autotrophs.
• B. heterotrophs.
• C. decomposers.
• D. producers.

21
20-1

• Biologists have difficulties classifying protists
  because
• A. their DNA cannot be examined.
• B. evidence suggests that they evolved from so
  many different groups.
• C. structural similarities used for
  classification are difficult to detect.
• D. their ancestors may have evolved through
  symbiosis.

22
20-1

• An organism is classified as a protist if it
• A. resembles any other member of the Eukarya
  domain.
• B. shares DNA sequences that are found only in
  other protists.
• C. has a cell wall made of cellulose.
• D. does not belong in any other kingdom of the
  Eukarya.

23
202

• Structures found in sarcodines that are used for
  feeding and movement are known as
• A. pseudopods.
• B. flagella.
• C. cilia.
• D. food vacuoles.

24
202

• The structure found in most ciliates that
  contains a reserve copy of all the cell's genes
  is the
• A. macronucleus.
• B. micronucleus.
• C. trichocysts.
• D. contractile vacuole.

25
202

• One way to classify the various groups of
  animal-like protists is by
• A. the presence of a nuclear membrane.
• B. the presence of mitochondria.
• C. their means of movement.
• D. the number of contractile vacuoles.

26
202

• Malaria is caused by the sporozoan
• A. Plasmodium.
• B. Anopheles.
• C. Amoeba.
• D. Paramecium.

27
202

• Which human disease is caused by the protist
  Trypanosoma?
• A. measles
• B. African sleeping sickness
• C. malaria
• D. diarrhea

28
20-3

• The function of accessory pigments in various
  groups of algae is to
• A. absorb red and violet light.
• B. carry out photosynthesis in the absence of
  chlorophyll.
• C. increase the range of wavelengths used for
  photosynthesis.
• D. carry out photosynthesis when sunlight is not
  available.

29
20-3

• Which of the following describes structures found
  in euglenophytes?
• A. chloroplasts but no cell walls
• B. chloroplasts and cell walls
• C. cell walls but no chloroplasts
• D. no cell walls or chloroplasts

30
20-3

• Plantlike protists with gold-colored chloroplasts
  are the
• A. euglenophytes.
• B. diatoms.
• C. chrysophytes.
• D. dinoflagellates.

31
20-3

• The base of most marine food chains is made up of
  
• A. zooplankton.
• B. euglenophytes.
• C. phytoplankton.
• D. chrysophytes.

32
20-3

• The effect of algal blooms in the form of red
  tides, result in
• A. poisoning consumers that eat filter-feeders
  such as clams.
• B. serving as an important food source for fish
  and crustaceans.
• C. decomposing other dead and decaying
  organisms.
• D. converting inorganic molecules into
  energy-rich food molecules.

33
20-4

• Reddish accessory pigments found in red algae are
  known as
• A. chlorophyll a.
• B. phycobilins.
• C. fucoxanthins.
• D. chlorophyll c.

34
20-4

• The giant kelp belongs to the group known as
• A. green algae.
• B. brown algae.
• C. red algae.
• D. golden algae.

35
20-4

• The life cycles of many algae include
• A. haploid generations only.
• B. diploid generations only.
• C. both haploid and diploid generations.
• D. only asexual reproduction.

36
20-4

• The green alga Chlamydomonas reproduces asexually
  by producing
• A. zygotes.
• B. gametes.
• C. zoospores.
• D. holdfasts.

37
20-4

• Cells that can grow into new organisms without
  fusing with another cell are called
• A. gametes.
• B. spores.
• C. gametophytes.
• D. sporophytes.

38
205

• Unlike the true fungi, funguslike protists
• A. do not have centrioles or cell walls made of
  chitin.
• B. do not have centrioles but have cell walls
  made of chitin.
• C. have centrioles but lack cell walls made of
  chitin.
• D. have both centrioles and cell walls made of
  chitin.

39
205

• The spore cases formed by water molds are called
• A. zoosporangia.
• B. plasmodia.
• C. antheridia.
• D. sporophytes.

40
205

• The acellular slime molds got their name because
• A. they are the only organisms that do not have
  cells.
• B. they do not have true nuclei.
• C. they have multinucleate hyphae.
• D. their cells sometimes fuse to form structures
  with many nuclei.

41
205

• Organisms that spend part of their life cycle as
  independent, unicellular amoeba-like forms and
  then join together as a visible, sluglike colony
  are
• A. cellular slime molds.
• B. water molds.
• C. acellular slime molds.
• D. plasmodia.

42
205

• The Great Potato Famine was caused by a(an)
• A. cellular slime mold.
• B. acellular slime mold.
• C. water mold.
• D. plasmodia.

43
20-1

• A protist is any organism that is not a plant, an
  animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote.
• A. True
• B. False

44
20-1

• Funguslike protists are
• A. autotrophic.
• B. photosynthetic.
• C. decomposers or parasites.
• D. chemosynthetic.

45
20-1

• Animal-like protists are
• A. autotrophs.
• B. heterotrophs.
• C. decomposers.
• D. producers.

46
20-1

• Biologists have difficulties classifying protists
  because
• A. their DNA cannot be examined.
• B. evidence suggests that they evolved from so
  many different groups.
• C. structural similarities used for
  classification are difficult to detect.
• D. their ancestors may have evolved through
  symbiosis.

47
20-1

• An organism is classified as a protist if it
• A. resembles any other member of the Eukarya
  domain.
• B. shares DNA sequences that are found only in
  other protists.
• C. has a cell wall made of cellulose.
• D. does not belong in any other kingdom of the
  Eukarya.

48
202

• Structures found in sarcodines that are used for
  feeding and movement are known as
• A. pseudopods.
• B. flagella.
• C. cilia.
• D. food vacuoles.

49
202

• The structure found in most ciliates that
  contains a reserve copy of all the cell's genes
  is the
• A. macronucleus.
• B. micronucleus.
• C. trichocysts.
• D. contractile vacuole.

50
202

• One way to classify the various groups of
  animal-like protists is by
• A. the presence of a nuclear membrane.
• B. the presence of mitochondria.
• C. their means of movement.
• D. the number of contractile vacuoles.

51
202

• Malaria is caused by the sporozoan
• A. Plasmodium.
• B. Anopheles.
• C. Amoeba.
• D. Paramecium.

52
202

• Which human disease is caused by the protist
  Trypanosoma?
• A. measles
• B. African sleeping sickness
• C. malaria
• D. diarrhea

53
20-3

• The function of accessory pigments in various
  groups of algae is to
• A. absorb red and violet light.
• B. carry out photosynthesis in the absence of
  chlorophyll.
• C. increase the range of wavelengths used for
  photosynthesis.
• D. carry out photosynthesis when sunlight is not
  available.

54
20-3

• Which of the following describes structures found
  in euglenophytes?
• A. chloroplasts but no cell walls
• B. chloroplasts and cell walls
• C. cell walls but no chloroplasts
• D. no cell walls or chloroplasts

55
20-3

• Plantlike protists with gold-colored chloroplasts
  are the
• A. euglenophytes.
• B. diatoms.
• C. chrysophytes.
• D. dinoflagellates.

56
20-3

• The base of most marine food chains is made up of
  
• A. zooplankton.
• B. euglenophytes.
• C. phytoplankton.
• D. chrysophytes.

57
20-3

• The effect of algal blooms in the form of red
  tides, result in
• A. poisoning consumers that eat filter-feeders
  such as clams.
• B. serving as an important food source for fish
  and crustaceans.
• C. decomposing other dead and decaying
  organisms.
• D. converting inorganic molecules into
  energy-rich food molecules.

58
20-4

• Reddish accessory pigments found in red algae are
  known as
• A. chlorophyll a.
• B. phycobilins.
• C. fucoxanthins.
• D. chlorophyll c.

59
20-4

• The giant kelp belongs to the group known as
• A. green algae.
• B. brown algae.
• C. red algae.
• D. golden algae.

60
20-4

• The life cycles of many algae include
• A. haploid generations only.
• B. diploid generations only.
• C. both haploid and diploid generations.
• D. only asexual reproduction.

61
20-4

• The green alga Chlamydomonas reproduces asexually
  by producing
• A. zygotes.
• B. gametes.
• C. zoospores.
• D. holdfasts.

62
20-4

• Cells that can grow into new organisms without
  fusing with another cell are called
• A. gametes.
• B. spores.
• C. gametophytes.
• D. sporophytes.

63
205

• Unlike the true fungi, funguslike protists
• A. do not have centrioles or cell walls made of
  chitin.
• B. do not have centrioles but have cell walls
  made of chitin.
• C. have centrioles but lack cell walls made of
  chitin.
• D. have both centrioles and cell walls made of
  chitin.

64
205

• The spore cases formed by water molds are called
• A. zoosporangia.
• B. plasmodia.
• C. antheridia.
• D. sporophytes.

65
205

• The acellular slime molds got their name because
• A. they are the only organisms that do not have
  cells.
• B. they do not have true nuclei.
• C. they have multinucleate hyphae.
• D. their cells sometimes fuse to form structures
  with many nuclei.

66
205

• Organisms that spend part of their life cycle as
  independent, unicellular amoeba-like forms and
  then join together as a visible, sluglike colony
  are
• A. cellular slime molds.
• B. water molds.
• C. acellular slime molds.
• D. plasmodia.

67
205

• The Great Potato Famine was caused by a(an)
• A. cellular slime mold.
• B. acellular slime mold.
• C. water mold.
• D. plasmodia.