Israel and Palestine

1
Israel and Palestine
2
(No Transcript)
3
The Birth of Zionism

• The drive to reestablish a Jewish homeland in the
  Land of Israel
• The ancient religious dream of return
• The wave of nationalist enthusiasm that was
  sweeping Europe
• The threat of anti-Semitism physical dangers to
  Jews

4
The First Zionist Congress

• Held in 1897
• The congress was organized by Theodor Herzl
  (Herzl wrote The Jewish State, that argued that
  Jews must have their own independence)
• This attempt was known as political Zionism
• The attempt to achieve statehood through
  political support of superpowers

5
Balfour Declaration

• In 1917 the British issue the Balfour Declaration
• Balfour Declaration supports a Jewish national
  home in Palestine
• Palestine was British mandate after WWI

6
Immigration

• Basic premise of Zionism - Jews could not rely on
  others if they were to fulfill the dream of an
  independent state.
• The most critical form of Zionist activity was
  immigration and settlement of the land.
• 1882-1939 Jews began to immigrate to Palestine
  (formed kibbutzim)

7
A bilingual poster in Romanian and Hungarian
promoting a film about Jewish settlement in
Palestine, 1930sToward a New Life (in
Romanian)The Promised Land (in Hungarian)
8
Immigration continued

• 1939 British adopted White Paper that forbade
  any further purchase of land by Jews in Palestine
  restricted immigration 75,000 total over 5-yr
  period
• Was adopted after failure of conference between
  Jewish and Palestinian delegations
• Balfour Declaration repudiated

9
Immigration continued

• Jewish people left Europe because of persecution
  and settled in Palestine
• Numbers really increased after WWII.
• UN Partition 1947 - Territory of Palestine is
  divided by UN to provide a homeland for the
  Jewish people after WWII.
• 1948 Israel declares itself an independent
  nation.

10
1948 State of Israel created
11
The Army Military Experience

• Numerous terrorists attacks had occurred between
  1936-1939 due to Arab hostility towards Jewish
  settlers
• Arab countries object to Israeli independence and
  declare war on Israel

12
The Army Military Experience

• 1948 - 750,000 Palestinians are driven from or
  leave their homes and villages at the start of
  the war between Israel and the Arab countries
  (settle in refugee camps on West Bank or other
  Arab nations)
• 1948-1949 The first Arab-Israeli war, Israel
  repulsed invasions by Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria
  Lebanon

13
1956 Sinai Campaign Suez Crisis

• A war fought in Egyptian territory. In response
  to Egypts moves to nationalize and take control
  of the Suez Canal,
• Israel, British and French troops invade. The
  Soviet Union threatens to intervene on Egypts
  behalf. The U.S. feared a larger war and forced
  the British and French army to withdraw.

14
(No Transcript)
15
Formation of the Palestinian Liberation
Organization (1964)

• Formed to take up the war against Israel
  nationalistic
• Set up as an umbrella organization to join
  various Palestinian groups that had formed in
  Arab areas

16
Formation of the Palestinian Liberation
Organization (1964)

• Set 2 goals destroy Israel and form secular,
  democratic state in its place
• Launched guerrilla attacks on Israeli military
  targets
• Certain factions used terrorism

17
Nasser (Egypt), backed by other Arab states,
throws Israel into the sea. Pre-1967 War
cartoon. Al-Farida newspaper, Lebanon
18
1967 Six Day War

• The War (AKA the Arab-Israeli war) started out as
  a border dispute Israels Arab neighbors Egypt,
  Jordan, Syria battle Israel.
• Result of war- Israel seized Gaza Strip, the
  Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank (Jordan) and the
  Golan Heights (Syria).

19
(No Transcript)
20
1973 Yom Kippur War

• Started by Anwar Sadat of Egypt to shake up
  diplomatic situation, get Israel to talk
• Arabs catch Israel off guard on a holy day, take
  the war to Israel
• Satisfy the demands of honor
• Israel does win, but Arabs commemorate this war
  on Oct. 6
• Leads to Camp David peace talks

21
1973 Yom Kippur War

• Syrian forces attack fortification in Golan
  Heights and Egyptian forces attacked
  fortifications around the Suez Canal and on the
  Sinai Peninsula.
• After three weeks of fighting the Israeli Defense
  Force (IDF) was able to hold the defense and
  eventually push them back beyond the original
  lines.

22
(No Transcript)
23
1978 Camp David Accords

• Pres. Carter - USA
• Pres. Anwar Sadat - Egypt
• Prime Min. Menachem Begin - Israel
• Opens Communication
• Framework for Peace
• Egypt first Arab nation to recognize Israel

24
(No Transcript)
25
1978 Camp David Accords

• Nobel Peace Prize for both Sadat and Begin in
  1978
• Admired in the West
• Anwar Sadat assassinated October 6, 1981
• Targeted by Islamist groups in Egypt for
  negotiating with Israel

26
1987 The First Intifada

• By 1987, there was mounting frustration anger
  among the Palestinians, who had been living in
  the West Bank Gaza under Israeli occupation for
  20 years
• The Palestinians had a strong desire for their
  own state, independent from Israeli control
• PLO renounced its goal of destroying Israel in
  1988

27
1987 The First Intifada

• The intifada was the culmination of growing
  tension and violence between the Israelis and
  Palestinians, the uprising is also known as the
  war of stones
• As a result The Palestinians had global
  recognition as a people, world media criticized
  Israel in a way that had not been done before,
  the intifada led to the Oslo Peace Accords

28
DAVID v. GOLIATH

• Palestinian boys fight the soldiers with
  slingshots and stones

29
(No Transcript)
30

• As violence continued over the next couple of
  years, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin decided it
  was time to enter into peace negotiations with
  the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
  under the leadership of Yasser Arafat

31
1993 Oslo Peace Accords

• Pres. Clinton, Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat
  negotiate terms for Palestinian Self Rule
• Israel negotiates directly with PLO Arafat
• PLO recognizes Israels right to exist

32
1993 Oslo Peace Accord

• Offered limited self-rule in the West Bank Gaza
  to Palestinians withdrawal of Israel from
  occupied land (the territories)
• PLO becomes Palestinian Authority in charge of
  administration of the West Bank and Gaza
• Big problems like Jerusalem, the settlements,
  status of Palestinian refugees put off to another
  time

33
1995 P.M. Rabin Assassinated

• 1994 both Arafat Rabin win Nobel Peace Prize
• Rabin assassinated by conservative Jewish groups
• Benjamin Netanyahu (his replacement) allowed for
• More Israeli settlements that would spread into
  the West Bank Gaza
• Terrorist activity increased as a result of the
  encroachment on Palestinian self-ruled land

34

• Israeli Settlements in Palestinian territories

35
The Turmoil Continues

• Ehud Barak (elected prime minister in 1999) made
  proposals in 2000 at Camp David II to Arafat
  Palestinians in exchange for safety and security.
• Palestinians rejected on the basis of three
  issues (Jerusalem, Palestinian refugees,
  settlements)
• The situation rapidly deteriorated

36
2000 - The second Intifada

• Ariel Sharon visits Temple Mount in Jerusalem
  (the most disputed piece of territory) and
  publicly proclaimed the area as eternal Israeli
  territory (Al-Aqsa Mosque)
• A day after Sharons visit large riots broke out

37
Jamal and Muhammad al-Durrah prior to being
shot Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip September 30, 2000
(France 2)
38
Jamal and Muhammad al-Durrah prior to being shot
Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip September 30, 2000
(France 2)
39
Jamal and Muhammad Al-Durrah being shot, Image
3 Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip September 30, 2000
40
The second intifada
The wreckage of a commuter bus in West Jerusalem
after a suicide bombing on Tuesday, 18 June,
2002. The blast killed 20 people. The Associated
Press.
41
2002 425-mile Israeli Security Wall in the West
Bank (b/c of suicide bombings)
42
2006 War with Lebanon

• Hezbollah (terrorist group) militants fire
  rockets across border into Israeli town
• Kidnap Israeli soldiers
• Israel responds with air strikes
• Civilian infrastructure badly damaged
• Casualties include many Lebanese civilians caught
  in the middle
• Ends with cease fire brokered by UN

43
Palestinian Authority

• Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian
  Authority since 2005
• Leader of Fatah political party
• Moderate
• Cannot control Gaza, which has been controlled by
  Hamas since 2006 elections not get along

44
GAZA 2008

• Hamas lobs missiles into Israel
• Israel responds with airstrikes
• IDF ground attack to route out Hamas
• Civilian casualties

45
Video on 2008 violence

• http//www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/jan-jun
  e08/gaza_03-03.html

46
Current Situation

• Violence has escalated in the region over the
  past couple of years
• Ariel Sharon (2001-2006) pursued an aggressive
  policy, in part because Palestinians deployed
  suicide bombers
• Ehud Olmert (06-09) just as aggressive
• Netanyahu current Prime Minister

47
2010 Peace Talks

• P.M. Netanyahu, Secretary of State Clinton, and
  Mahmoud Abbas

48
Palestinian Authority Hamas

• Since Egyptian Arab Spring Egyptian leaders
  have tried to broker peace between Abbas and
  Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal
• Hamas seen as terrorist organization