The main clinical syndromes and their clinical significance in the diagnosis of childhood diseases

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The main clinical syndromes and their
clinicalsignificance in the diagnosis of
childhood diseases
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Pediatric Cardiac System
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I. Main symptoms and signs of heart diseases

• chest pain/discomfort,
• dyspnoea,
• palpitations,
• cyanosis,

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I. Main symptoms and signs of heart diseases

• dizziness and syncope,
• edema,
• cough,
• hemoptysis,

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I. Main symptoms and signs of heart diseases

• fatigue and tiredness,
• cardiomegaly
• Normal cardiomegaly

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I. Main symptoms and signs of heart diseases

• An irregularity in heart rhythm
• Tachycardia racing heart in the absence of
  exercise or anxiety
• Bradycardia abnormally slow heartbeat
• Fibrillation heart beat is sporadic, quivering
  pattern

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I. Main symptoms and signs of heart diseases

• Clubbing of fingers

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Pediatric respiratory system
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II. Main symptoms and signs of respiratory
diseases

• Cough
• Sputum
• Hemoptysis
• Dyspnea
• Chest pain (chest tightness)
• Wheezing

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II. Main symptoms and signs of respiratory
diseases

• Apnea
• Hoarseness
• Stridor
• Snoring

• Fever
• Night sweating
• Weight loss

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II. Main symptoms and signs of respiratory
diseases

• Added Sounds
• Decreased breath sound
• Increased breath sound
• Wheeze (Rhonchi)
• Crackles (crepitations)
• friction rub
• Clubbing of the fingers and toes

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Pediatric gastrointestinal system
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III. Main symptoms and signs of gastrointestinal
diseases

• Caries

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III. Main symptoms and signs of gastrointestinal
diseases

• Aphthous ulcers

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III. Main symptoms and signs of gastrointestinal
diseases

• Gingivitis
• Periodontitis

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III. Main symptoms and signs of gastrointestinal
diseases

• Oral herpes

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III. Main symptoms and signs of gastrointestinal
diseases

• Candidiasis

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III. Main symptoms and signs of gastrointestinal
diseases

• Leukoplakia
• metaplasia
• cells produce keratin
• associated with tobacco use

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III. Main symptoms and signs of gastrointestinal
diseases

• Weight loss, loss of appetite
• Dysphagia
• Nausea-vomiting

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III. Main symptoms and signs of gastrointestinal
diseases

• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Bloating-distension
• Constipation
• Diarrhea

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III. Main symptoms and signs of gastrointestinal
diseases

• Abdominal pain

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Pediatric Renal System
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IV. Main symptoms and signs of renal diseases

• renal failure
• loss of ability of kidneys to excrete,
  concentrate
• aminoaciduria
• anuria
• little or no urine output
• bacteruria
• diuresis
• increased urine output

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IV. Main symptoms and signs of renal diseases

• dysuria
• painful urination
• glycosuria
• hematuria
• RBCs in urine
• hemoglobinuria
• lipiduria
• nocturia

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Pediatric blood system
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V. Main symptoms and signs of blood diseases

• Anemia
• Abnormally low hemoglobin
• Caused by
• decreased numbers of RBCs
• decreased amount of hemoglobin
• both
• Sign of an underlying condition
• Diagnose
• CBC

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V. Main symptoms and signs of blood diseases

• Leukopenia
• Low WBC count
• Caused by
• hypersplenism
• autoimmune disease
• sepsis
• bone marrow problem
• Agranulocytosis
• severe neutropenia
• caused mostly by drugs

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V. Main symptoms and signs of blood diseases

• Leukocytosis
• Too many WBCs
• Can be reactive or malignant (Leukemias)
• anemia
• infections
• bleeding
• bone pain
• enlarged lymph nodes

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V. Main symptoms and signs of blood diseases

• Lymph Node Response
• Infection
• Malignancy
• Immune reactions
• Autoimmune disease

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Lymphadenopathy

• Enlarged nodes
• tender infectious
• non-tender malignant
• Lymphadenitis
• lymph node is infected
• Reactive hyperplasia
• acute
• dental infections, sore throat, genital
  infections
• chronic
• TB

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V. Main symptoms and signs of blood diseases

• Hemorrhage
• easy bruising

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V. Main symptoms and signs of blood diseases

• Hemorrhage
• epistaxis

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V. Main symptoms and signs of blood diseases

• Hemorrhage
• bleeding gums

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V. Main symptoms and signs of blood diseases

• Hemorrhage
• unusual bleeding after minor trauma
• subungual or conjunctival petechiae