Animal%20Behavior%20

1
Animal Behavior Experimental Design ?

• Chapter 51
• AP Themes
• AP Lab 11

2
Themes of AP Biology

• The following 8 themes should be apparent to you
  over the course of the course
• Science as a Process
• Evolution
• Energy Transfer
• Continuity and Change
• Relationship of Structure to Function
• Regulation
• Interdependence in Nature
• Science, Technology, Society

3
SoOnto the Meat of the Matter
4
Animal Behavior

• A.k.a. Ethology
• Refers to anything done for survival
• Categories
• Innate inherited, developmentally fixed
• Instinctive full behavioral response at first
  exposure
• Learned developed during ones lifetime
• Why study Animal Behavior?
• Evolutionary significance!
• Part of ones phenotype affected by natural
  selection
• Natural selection acts to maximize fitness

5
Innate Behaviors

• Fixed Action Patterns
• Sequence of behaviors that once triggered,
  continues until their end
• Sign stimulus triggers FAP
• Directed Movement in response to stimuli
• Taxis change in direction of movement
• Positive toward a stimulus
• Negative away from a stimulus
• Kinesis change in rate of movement
  (nondirectional)
• Migration
• Complex, but innate even captive birds exhibit
  phenomenon called migratory restlessness
• Imprinting
• Learning at sensitive period (critical age) that
  is rapid independent of behavioral consequences
• Filial imprinting animal (bird) learns its
  parents
• Sexual imprinting animal learns traits of mates

6
Think-table-share

• What are examples of innate behaviors you have
  read about?

7
Innate Behaviors
Example Fixed Action Pattern
Territoriality of male stickleback
attack on red belly stimulus court on swollen
belly stimulus
8
Innate Behaviors
Example Directed Movement

• Generally taxis is more complicated than kinesis.
• Descriptive terms include
• Phototaxis (light)
• Chemotaxis (chemicals)
• Trophotaxis (food)
• Many more!
• Check out http//www.sparknotes.com/biology/animal
  behavior/orientationandnavigation/section1.html
  for a great description!

9
Innate Behaviors

• Migration How do birds know where to fly?

Imprinting How do ducks recognize their mother?
10
Learned Behaviors

• Associative Learning association of a stimulus
  with particular response
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning Trial Error learning
• Habituation decrease/stoppage of response to a
  stimulus when no consequence arises
• Think The Boy Who Cried Wolf
• Latent Learning knowledge is gained but not
  applied until a later, necessary time
• Ex. Setting the table
• Insight Learning problem solving
• Very few animals are known to do this!
• Humans other primates like chimpanzees

11
Think-table-share

• What are examples of learned behaviors you have
  read about?

12
Learned Behavior

• Classical Conditioning
• Connects a reflex behavior with an unrelated
  stimulus
• Pavlovs dogs

• Operant Conditioning
• Trial Error
• Connects voluntary behavior with a reward or
  punishment

Skinner Box mouse learns to associate pressing
a lever with a food reward
13
Social Behaviors

• Communication Language
• Song or sound
• Dance (bee waggle dance communicates food)
• Pheromones
• Cooperation
• Agonistic Behaviors threat and submission
  rituals usually symbolic
• Dominance Hierarchy pecking order
• Altruistic Behavior self-sacrifice for
  betterment of the group
• Evolutionary advantage?

14
Social Behaviors

• Agonistic

• Cooperation

15
Communication Pheromones
Female mosquitoes use CO2 concentrations to
locate victims
The female lion lures male by spreading sex
pheromones, but also by posture movements
16
AP Lab 11 Animal Behavior

• Overview
• In this investigation you will observe the
  behavior of an insect and design an experiment to
  investigate its responses to environmental
  variables.
• Objectives
• Practice experimental design
• Recognize that organism distribution occurs on a
  resource gradient
• Recognize the difference between a kinesis and a
  taxis
• Measure the effects of environmental variables on
  habitat selection in a controlled experiment
• Describe some different types of insect mating
  behaviors

17
AP Lab 11 Pre-lab

• Choose a lab group
• For homework you must
• Read complete the documentation I provide
• Visit the Prentice Hall Lab Bench website
• Complete the post lab questions online quiz
• In class you will
• Design a CONTROLLED experiment with your lab
  group
• Design a method of analyzing your data
• Data charts, graphs, photos, etc.
• Display your findings on a poster present it to
  your classmates

18
EXTRA CREDIT OPPORTUNITY!

• We need pill bugs!
• Bring a container of pill bugs to class by
• Thursday, September 15, 2011
• You should drop them off before school!
• Be sure your bugs have
• AIR!
• A moist substrate
• soil and damp paper towel works well
• Food
• apple or potato slices work well

19
Practice Questions

• Which of the following statements is false?
• a. Behavior patterns are inherited.
• b. Instinctive behavior involves a complete
  response to a key stimulus the first time it is
  encountered.
• c. Behavior evolved as a result of natural
  selection.
• d. Reproductive success is responsible for
  perpetuating behavior patterns.
• e. The mechanisms underlying instinctive and
  learned behavior are the same.

• The cells surrounding milk-producing cells in the
  female mammary gland contract shortly after the
  female hears the cry of an infant. This is an
  example of
• a. a response that is not a behavior.
• b. instinctive behavior.
• c. imprinting behavior.
• d. learned behavior.

20
Practice Questions

• A cat explores all the rooms of a new home even
  though such exploration is NOT rewarded. Later,
  when the cat begins to feel chilled, it goes
  directly to the warmest room. This is an example
  of
• a. classical conditioning.
• b. echolocation.
• c. latent learning.
• d. imprinting.
• e. all of these

• A child grabs a dog's ear, and the dog responds
  by biting the child. Both behaviors are repeated
  once again the next day, and again a day later.
  The child never grabs a dog's ear again. This
  sequence of events is an example of
• a. insight learning.
• b. latent learning.
• c. operant conditioning.
• d. imprinting.

21
Practice Questions

• Horticulturists use periodic discharges of loud
  sounds to scare birds away from their fruit
  trees. After several days birds can be seen
  ignoring the sounds due to
• a. habituation.
• b. imprinting.
• c. conditioning.
• d. insight learning.
• e. instinct.

• Humans, and other primates , differ from most
  animals in their ability to learn by
• a. conditioning.
• b. imprinting.
• c. habituation.
• d. insight.
• e. latent learning.

22
AP Lab 11

• Animal Behavior
• You must understand
• Kinesis
• Taxis
• Controls Variables
• You must collect
• Ants
• Pillbugs (rolly pollies)
• You must design
• A CONTROLLED experiment
• A choice chamber
• A clear measurement scheme

23
Sample Choice Chamber
24
Sample Data Chart
Time in Minutes of Pill Bugs in Light Chamber of Pill Bugs in Dark Chamber
0 5 5
0.5 4 6
1.0 4 6
1.5 3 7
2.0 3 7
2.5 4 6
3.0 3 7
3.5 2 8
4.0 3 7
4.5 4 6
5.0 2 8
5.5 2 8
6.0 1 9
6.5 2 8
7.0 2 8
7.5 1 9
8.0 0 10
25
Sample Graph