Chapter 4: Section 1 Notes Inside the Earth

1
Convergent Divergent Transform
Compression tension
Normal Reverse Strike slip
Anticline Syncline Monocline
2
Folded Fault-block Volcanic
Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere Outer
core Inner core
Puzzle Fossils Rock types Glaciers Sea floor
spreading
3
Uniformitarianism

• The geologic processes that we observe today have
  been at work throughout Earths history
• Example Erosion, deposition, and slow climate
  changes remain the same over time.

James Hutton
Charles Lyell
4
Catastrophism

• States that all geologic change occurs suddenly.
• Example Mountains, canyons, asteroids,
  earthquakes, volcanoes

5

• Layers of the Earth
• Composition
• Crust
• Mantle
• Core
• Physical properties
• ) Lithosphere
• ) Asthenosphere
• ) Mesosphere
• ) Outer core
• ) Inner core

6
Tectonic Plates

• Pieces of the lithosphere that move around on the
  asthenosphere.
• Made of continental crust, oceanic crust or both

7
Depths of the Earth

• Scientists cannot visit the depths of the Earth
  like the mantle and the core but use seismic
  waves recorded by seismographs during earthquake
  activity.

8
Alfred Wegener 1911
Theory called Plate Tectonics or Continental
Drift Earths lithosphere is divided into
tectonic plates that move around on top of the
asthenosphere. The continents once formed a
single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their
present locations.
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Proof of Wegeners Theory

1. The continents seem to fit together.
2. Fossils of the same plant and animal species are
   found on continents that are on different sides
   of the Atlantic Ocean.
3. Similar types of rock were found on several
   continents.
4. Evidence of the same ancient climatic conditions
   were found on several continents.
5. Sea Floor Spreading

10

• Boundary - where tectonic plates meet
• Convergent
• Divergent
• transform
• Fault place where rocks break and move
• Normal
• Reverse
• transform
• Stress pressure on rock
• Compression
• tension

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Boundaries crust examples Type of stress Type of fault HW/FW up or down
  o-o          
  c-o          
  c-c          
  o-o          
  c-c          
  c-c          
12
Boundaries crust examples stress fault HW/FW up or down
convergent o-o subduction zone, Marianas Trench compression reverse HW up, FW down
convergent c-o subduction zone, Japan, Washington compression reverse HW up, FW down
convergent c-c Himalayas compression reverse HW up, FW down
divergent o-o mid ocean ridge tension normal HW down, FW up
divergent c-c Iceland, East Africa Rift Valley tension normal HW down, FW up
transform c-c San Andreas shearing strike slip side to side
13
3 types of folds
syncline
monocline
anticline
14
3 Types of Mountains
Folded
volcanic
Fault block