Psychological Disorders

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Psychological Disorders
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Defining Psychological Disorders

• a harmful dysfunction in which behavior is
  judged to be
• maladaptive--harmful
• unjustifiable--sometimes theres a good reason
• Must include
• Personal discomfort (inner distress)
• Change in life Functioning (success in meeting
  expectations for performance in work or school
  and social relationships)

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Historical Views

• Supernatural view
• Mysterious actions indicated supernatural powers
• Madness was a sign of possession
• Punishment Burning at the stake
• Naturalistic View
• Hippocrates
• Madness was a sickness- treat with care

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Theories of Nature, Cause, and Treatment

• Biological Model
• Physiological malfunctions
• Psychoanalytic Model
• Result of unconscious internal conflict
• Cognitive-Behavioral
• Result of learning (learned inferiority)
• Diathesis-stress (integration)
• Biological predisposition combined with stressful
  situation
• Systems approach (integration)
• Biological, psychological, and social combination
  (biopsychosocial model)

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Classification - DSM-IV

• DSM-IV
• American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and
  Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth
  Edition)
• a widely used system for classifying
  psychological disorders
• presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision)

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Prevalence and Uses

• 15 experience mental disorder
• Top three Anxiety, phobias, mood
• 6 substance abuse
• Incidence new cases in a given time
• Prevalence frequency of a case
• Insanity- a legal term used in court to avoid
  holding the ill accountable for unjust actions

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Mood Disorders

• Definition characterized by emotional extremes
• Difference between sadness and clinical
  depression?
• Normal response to real-world situation, lasts
  for a short period, typical reaction

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Mood Disorders

• Major Depressive Disorder
• a mood disorder in which a person, for no
  apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of
  depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and
  diminished interest or pleasure in most
  activities

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Mood Disorders

• MDD Symptoms
• Depressed mood
• Feeling sad or empty for most of the day, nearly
  every day
• Loss of interest in pleasure
• Significant weight loss or gain
• Sleep disturbances
• Disturbances in motor activity
• Fatigue
• Worthlessness or self guilt
• Trouble concentration
• Recurrent thoughts of death

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Mood Disorders

• Dysthymia
• Less intense sadness that persists for 2 years or
  more

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Mood Disorders

• Bipolar Disorder
• Disorder in which an individual alternates
  between feelings of MANIA (EUPHORIA) DEPRESSION
• Mania- active, talkative, high self-esteem,
  potentially aggressive
• Ben Stiller, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Brittney
  Spears, DMX, Charlie Sheen
• Manic-Depressive Disorder (Kelsey and Chase)

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Mood Disorders - Bipolar

• PET scans show that brain energy consumption
  rises and falls with emotional switches

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Causes of Mood Disorders

• Biological Factors
• Identical Twin more likely to be depressed than
  Fraternal
• Neurotransmitters
• Medications can treat (SSRIs)
• Psychological Factors
• Cognitive Distortions- Twisting a situation and
  misinterpreting it severly

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Depression Women
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Depression Rates
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Depression Suicide
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Anxiety Disorders

• Defined as distressing, persistent anxiety
  (dont know cause or is inappropriate) or
  maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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Anxiety Disorders

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Prolonged vague but intense fears- person is
  tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic
  nervous system arousal (unable to relax,
  constantly restless, rapid heart, trouble
  sleeping)
• Free floating anxiety

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Anxiety Disorder

• Panic Disorder
• marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread
  in which a person experiences terror and
  accompanying chest pain, choking, or other
  frightening sensation
• No reasonable cause
• Dread of having another panic attack is stressful
  (agoraphobia?)

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Anxiety Disorders

• Specific Phobia
• persistent, irrational fear of a specific object
  or situation
• Acerophobia - Fear of itching
• Acrophobia - Fear of heights
• Aerophobia - Fear of flying
• Agoraphobia- Fear of open spaces (or being
  separated from sources of security)
• Atelophobia - Fear of imperfection
• Autophobia - Fear of being alone
• Lygophobia - Fear of darkness
• Arachniphobia Fear of spiders
• Arachibutyrophobia Fear of peanut butter
  sticking to the roof of your mouth
• Social Phobia- Fear of public situations (public
  speaking)

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Anxiety Disorders

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or
  actions (compulsions)
• May experience anxiety if behavior is stopped
• Hoarding

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Anxiety Disorders

• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Disorder in which victims of traumatic events
  experience the original event in the forms of
  dreams or flashbacks long after the event
• Acute stress- immediately after
• A Soldier's Struggle with PTSD

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Psychosomatic and Somatoform Disorders

• Psychosomatic- mind and body
• Real illnesses that have a psychological cause
• Ex Tension headaches, High Blood Pressure
  exacerbated by stress
• Joe Paterno?
• Somatoform- Believe they are physically ill
• Problem is somatic (physical) in appearance with
  no evidence of illness

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Somatoform

• Somatization disorder- Vague, recurring physical
  symptoms with no cause (back pain, dizziness,
  stomach pains, etc.)
• Conversion Disorder -Conversion of emotional
  difficulties into the loss of a specific
  physiological function
• If stuck with a pin, a limb will have no feeling
• glove anesthesia- lack of feeling from the hand
  down
• Hysterical Blindness
• Hypocondriasis - A person who is in good health
  becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments (a
  cough becomes a serious disease
• BDD- Body Dysmorphic Disorder- imagined ugliness

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Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative Disorder - a disorder in which a
  person experiences alterations in memory,
  identity, or consciousness
• Part of the person is dissociated from the rest
  (memory, identity, etc.)
• i.e. Dissociative Amnesia- memory of war victims
  is incomplete (selectively forgotten)

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Dissociative Fugue

• A person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away
  from home or work and is unable to recall the
  past- rare
• This person will assume an entirely new identity

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DID- Dissociative Identity Disorder

• Formerly Multiple Personality
• A person exhibits two or more personality states,
  each with its own patterns of thinking and
  behaving
• A.k.a. Multiple Personality
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vs5a2PxSgZ28

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Case Study

• In general demeanor, Maud was quite different
  from Sara. She walked with a swinging, bouncing
  gait contrasted to Saras sedate one. While Sara
  was depressed, Maud was ebullient and happy
  Insofar as she could Maud dressed different from
  Sara Sara used no make-up. Maud used a lot of
  rough and lipstick
• Sara was mature (19.2 mental age, IQ 128), while
  Maud was childish (6.6, IQ of 43)

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Depersonalization

• Person suddenly feels changed or different in a
  strange way
• Is common during adolescence, but when this
  becomes long-term or chronic it is classified as
  a dissociative disorder

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Sexual Disorders

• Sexual Dysfunction- loss or impairment of
  physical responses
• Sexual Desire Disorder- lack of interest
• Paraphilias- Unconventional sex objects or
  situations to obtain sex arousal (fantasies)
• Fetishism- repeated use of nonhuman object to
  achieve arousal
• Exhibitionism, Pedophilia, Frotteurism, Sexual
  Sadism, Masochism, Transvestic Fetishism

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Gender Identity Disorders

• Desire to become a member of the other biological
  sex
• Many times this is resolved by adulthood
• If not, sexual reassignment surgery is an option
• Cause Biological?
• Two sexes is not enough to encompass human
  sexuality?

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Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia
• literal translation split mind
• a group of severe disorders characterized by
• disorganized and delusional thinking
• disturbed perceptions
• inappropriate emotions and actions

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Schizophrenia

• Psychosis A loss of touch from reality
• Delusions
• false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur,
  that may accompany psychotic disorders
• Hallucinations
• sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

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Subtypes of Schizophrenia
Being chased by Russian spies, evil clowns, etc.-
Normal
Giggling, Grimacing, Active but aimless
- Then overactive
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Genetics Schizophrenia
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Fluid-filled Brain - Schizophrenia
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Dopamine Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis

• Dopamine Hypothesis -An excess of dopamine at
  selected synapses is related to a diagnosis of
  schizophrenia
• Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis - Individual may have
  inherited a predisposition toward schizophrenia

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Personality Disorder

• Personality Disorders
• disorders characterized by inflexible and
  enduring behavior patterns that impair social
  functioning
• usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

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Types of Personality Disorder

• Antisocial- lie, cheat, steal, kill with no
  regret
• Dependent- Unable to make decisions on their own
• Histrionic - Excessive emotions Seeks attention
• Paranoid Suspicious and mistrustful,
  hypersensitive to threats
• Schizotypal, or Schizoid - Intense discomfort in
  close relationships, lack desire to form social
  relationships
• Borderline- Instability in self-image, mood, and
  interpersonal relationships impulsive
• Narcissistic grandiose sense of self-importance
  and preoccupation with fantasies of success
• Avoidant- timid, anxious, and fearful of
  rejection, but wants close relationships

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Personality Disorder

• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• disorder in which the person (usually man)
  exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing,
  even toward friends and family members
• may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con
  artist

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Childhood Disorders

• ADHD (Attention-Deficit/hyperactivity disorder)-
  lack ability to focus in a sustained way
• Biological factors in central nervous system
• Treatment- psychostimulants to slow down
  hyperactive children

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Autistic Disorder

• 1/500 Children
• 4x in boys
• Fail to form normal attachments, distant and
  withdrawn, delayed speech or develop echolalia
  (repetition of words said to them)
• Strange motor behavior
• Precise cause unknown
• Autism The Musical