The Republican Revolution

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The Republican Revolution
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Democratic Party
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• Founded by Andrew Jackson when the
  Democratic-Republican party split after the
  corrupt bargain decided the election of 1824
• Adhered to the basic ideals of Thomas Jefferson
  by favoring strict construction of the
  Constitution, a limited federal government, and
  policies that were helpful to small farmers (as
  opposed to those helpful to wealthy urban
  interests)
• Was opposed by the Whig Party
• Famous as the party of Thomas Jefferson, Andrew
  Jackson, and Franklin D. Roosevelt

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Whig Party
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• When the Democratic-Republican party split after
  the election of 1824 and the corrupt bargain,
  was formed in opposition to the Democratic Party
• Initially led by Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams,
  and Daniel Webster
• Resembled the Federalist party led by Alexander
  Hamilton
• Favored the interests of wealthy urban citizens
  and businesses over the interest of farmers
• Often nominated famous people with vague
  political positions as a way to attract votes.
• Only successful presidential candidates were war
  heroes William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor

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Andrew Jackson
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• First came to national prominence as a general in
  the Indian Wars and at the Battle of New Orleans
• Nickname Old Hickory
• Senator from Kentucky
• Lost the presidential election of 1824 because of
  the corrupt bargain
• Founder of the Democratic party
• Election president in 1828 and 1832
• Strengthened the power of the presidency
• Destroyed the Second National Bank
• Handled the spoiled system, wherein a newly
  elected president gave federal jobs to those who
  had supported his campaign

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Kitchen Cabinet
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Andrew Jacksons advisers were known as his
________ _________ because they supposedly
slipped into the White House through the kitchen.
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Spoils System
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The practice by incoming political parties of
removing old workers and replacing them with
their supporters is known as the ______________
_____________?
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Indian Removal Act
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In 1830, this law ordered all Native Americans to
move west of the Mississippi river?
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Trail of Tears
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• Name for the forced removal of the Cherokee tribe
  of Native Americans from North Carolina to
  Oklahoma by the United States Army in the 1830s
• The Cherokee were forced to walk 1,200 miles west
  through the winter
• More than 25 percent died along the way

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Nullification Crisis
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• 1832 crisis that tested the power of the federal
  government as designed by the Constitution
  against states rights
• Precipitated by congressional renewal of a high
  tariff on imported goods
• South Carolina passed an ordinance of
  nullification, declaring the tariff void and
  threatening secession if the federal government
  attempted to collect tariff revenue in South
  Carolina
• President Andrew Jackson, who himself supported
  lowering the tariff, declared nullification
  incompatible with the existence of the Union
  and sought permission from Congress to use
  federal troops to enforce the tariff law id
  necessary
• In this effort, South Carolina drew heavily on
  the example of Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
• Andrew Jacksons response set some precedent for
  Abraham Lincolns reaction to secession at the
  beginning of the Civil War

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Martin Van Buren
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Who became the 8th president of the United States?
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Panic of 1837
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By 1837, many of the banks Jackson had put money
in during the bank fight had failed. This became
known as the _______ __ ______During this time,
many banks closed and people lost their
savings.As a result, the country sank into a
depression.
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William Henry Harrison
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Who became the ninth president of the United
States?His term only lasted 1 month because a
cold he was suffering from turned into pneumonia
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John Tyler
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Who became the 10th president of the United
States?
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California gold rush
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• Took place when gold was discovered in California
  in 1849
• Those who hurried west to find their fortune were
  thus known as forty-niners
• Raised Californias population enough that
  California became a state decades before any of
  the states in the Great Plains (those between
  California and the rest of the United States)
  became states

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Texas
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• Large portion of Mexico that declared its
  independence in 1836
• Most of those advocating for ______ independence
  were Americans who had settled in ________
• Leaders of the Republic of ________ advocated for
  annexation by the United States
• For the sake of relations with Mexico and because
  of domestic debates over slavery, the United
  States waited to annex ___________
• Manifest Destiny became popular and James K. Polk
  was elected on a platform of annexing ___________
  and expanding American territory in the Northwest
• Became a state in 1845
• Border dispute with Mexico led to the Mexican
  American War

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5440' or Fight!
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• Slogan of James K. Polk when he ran for president
  in 1844 on a platform of manifest destiny
• Referred to the line of latitude where Americans
  wanted the border between the Oregon Territory
  and Canada drawn
• When Polk annexed Texas and got America embroiled
  in the Mexican American War, he was forced to
  settle with Britain for a less advantageous
  boundary (at 49) in the northwest

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James K. Polk
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• 11th President of the United States
• Served as president from 1845-1849
• Proponent of Manifest Destiny
• Elected on a platform of annexing Texas and
  expanding land holdings in the northwest (5440'
  or Fight!)
• Led the United States into the Mexican-American
  War
• Member of the Democratic Party

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Manifest Destiny
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• Popular term for mid-nineteenth century belief
  that the United States was not only destined but
  also obligated (as part of a divine mission to
  spread democracy, freedom, and Christianity) to
  control as much territory in North America as
  possible
• Term coined by journalist John O. Sullivan
• Provided the main ideology for the presidential
  campaign of James K. Polk, who supported the
  annexation of Texas and the expansion of the
  northwest (leading to the rallying cry, 54 40'
  or Fight)
• Was a primary motivation for the Mexican American
  War

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Mexican American War
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• Fought from 1846 1848
• After the United States annexed Texas, it claimed
  a southern border at the Rio Grande River,
  despite the fact that the Texans had always
  claimed a border a couple of hundred miles north
  of that (at the Nueces River)
• When Mexican troops skirmished with Texans north
  of the Rio Grande, President James K. Polk
  secured a declaration of war from congress
• American armies, led by General Zachary Taylor
  (later to serve as president), routed the
  Mexicans
• Peace settlement declared the Rio Grande to be
  the national boundary, ceded California to the
  United States, and gave the Americans a large
  tract of land (later carved into five states)
  known as the Mexican cession, as well as
  requiring the United States to pay 15 million in
  unpaid debts to Mexico
• War was an indicator of the popularity of
  Manifest Destiny
• Led to debates about slavery in the Mexican
  Cession, including debates over the Wilmot Proviso

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Transcendentalism
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• Mid nineteenth century social, intellectual, and
  aesthetic movement growing out of the spread of
  Romanticism from Europe to America
• Characterized by a belief that immersion in
  nature could allow for a transcendence (a rising
  above) of daily life
• Important figures include Ralph Waldo Emerson,
  Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Walt
  Whitman, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller,
  and the painters of the Hudson River School
• Connected to some aspects of the outburst of
  utopian experiments

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Utopian Experiments
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• Attempts to create a perfect society
• A rash of these attempts swept the United States
  in the mid-nineteenth century
• Most famous of these attempts included Brookfarm
  (where Transcendentalists attempted to live
  without interference), the Oneida community, the
  Shaker community, and the Mormon communities

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• What invention led to the spread of the
  slavery-based  "cotton kingdom" in the Deep
  South?
• tractor
• cotton gin
• slavery
• steel plow

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• Who invented the cotton gin?
• Eli Whitney
• Cyrus McCormick
• John Deere
• Henry Ford

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• In 1828, what happened with Americans and the
  electoral process?
• one did not have to be a male or own land so
  voting numbers increased
• one did not have to own land so voting  numbers
  increased
• one did not have to own land so voting numbers
  decreased
• one did not have to be a white male but still had
  to own land so voting numbers increased

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• Which national Republican candidate in the
  election of 1832 supported the bank of the United
  States?
• Henry Clay
• Aaron Burr
• Andrew Jackson
• John Calhoun

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• What is the name of the practice of using public
  offices to benefit members of the victorious
  party?
• federation
• spoils system
• mandate system
• civil service

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• What term means a government in which power is
  vested in a minority consisting of those believed
  to be best qualified ?
• spoils system
• aristocracy
• patronage
• federation

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• Which president enacted the spoils system after
  being elected?
• James Monroe
• Andrew Johnson
• William Henry Harrison
• Andrew Jackson

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• What did Andrew Jackson do after being re-elected
  in 1832 causing the Panic of 1837?
• He declared a bank holiday until all banks were
  safe to reopen.
• He supported the Bank of the United States.
• He withdrew money from state banks and put it
  into the Bank of the U.S.
• He caused an economic depression by withdrawing
  government money from the Bank of the U.S. and
  depositing it in state banks.

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• What economic situation resulted from reckless
  speculation that led to bank failures and
  dissatisfaction with the use of state banks as
  depositories for public funds?
• Panic of 1857
• Panic of 1847
• Panic of 1837
• Panic of 1832

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• What was the name of the forced march of the
  Native Americans from their homes on the Atlantic
  coast to Oklahoma?
• Long Walk Home
• Trail of Tears
• Santa Fe trail
• March to Oklahoma

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• Which area did Americans move to sparking an
  armed revolt by Mexican rule?
• California
• New Mexico
• Gadsden Purchase
• Texas

53

• What was the famous battle in the Mexican War in
  which a band of Texans fought to the last man
  against a vastly superior force?
• Battle at El Paso
• El Brazito Battle
• Battle of San Antonio
• the Alamo

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• What was the result of the Texans' eventual
  victory over Mexican forces?
• U.S. control of California
• Texas became a republic for nine years and
  eventually joined the union
• Manifest destiny
• Gadsden Purchase to build the railroad

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• American's Manifest Destiny was a belief that the
  country should stretch from _____________.
• Mississippi River to Rocky Mountains
• Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean
• Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains
• Continental United States plus Alaska and Hawaii

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• Which state is NOT  part of  the land acquired in
  the Mexican War?
• Arizona
• Oklahoma
• Colorado
• California

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• What led to the growth of an industrial economy
  and supported the westward movement of settlers?
• railroads
• covered wagons and rivers
• canals and railroads
• cattle trains

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• In which westward areas did settlers NOT move to
  in hopes of finding economic opportunity in the
  form of land to own and farm?
• Southwest
• Midwest/Great Plains
• Texas
• Alaska