Intelligence

1
Intelligence

• Chapter 11

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Who is more intelligent?

• MICHAEL JORDAN OR ALBERT EINSTEIN

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What is intelligence?

• When does a society deem that someone is
  intelligent?

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Intelligence is

• Intelligence ability to solve problems, learn
  from experience, and use knowledge to adapt to
  new situations

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The Birth of Intelligence Testing

• Alfred Binet, a French psychologist, was
  appointed by the French govt. in 1904 to study
  and provide special education programs for
  children who were not doing well in school. Q. Do
  we do this today?

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Binet Intelligence Testing

• Binet developed a set of tests to measure a
  childs mental age.
• The chronological age that most typically
  corresponds to a given level of performance
• Ex. a child that performs as well as a 6 yr. old
  has the mental age of 6.
• So low performing students may be 10 yrs. old but
  have a mental age of 7.

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Binet Intelligence Testing

• Binets intelligence test included reasoning,
  thinking and problem solving. These were
  displayed through various tasks and problems.
  (Ex. unwrapping candy, repeating numbers/words,
  identifying objects)
• Binet (and his co-worker Theodore Simon) intended
  for the tests to help students struggling in
  school but feared they would be used to label and
  limit children. Q Is this an issue today?

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Intelligence Quotient

• The intelligence quotient (IQ) was developed
  from the Stanford-Binet test. IQ was widely used
  by Terman
• IQ Mental Age x 100
  Chronological Age
• Note If your mental age and chronological age
  are the same your IQ is 100 (avg.)

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Terman Intelligence Testing

• Lewis Terman In 1911 a Stanford University
  professor revised Binets test to accurately
  measure California childrens intelligence.
• Terman called the revised version
  Stanford-Binet. This was most widely used test
  for decades to sort out populations.

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Terman Intelligence Testing

• Terman supported widespread use of intelligence
  testing
• The children of successful and cultured parents
  test higher than children from wretched and
  ignorant homes for the simple reason that their
  heredity is better. - Lewis Terman, 1916
• Terman helped the US Govt. use the test to
  evaluate immigrants and test army recruits

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The American Eugenics Movement

• Genetic breeding of humans based on intelligence
  tests.
• State Sterilization programs Supreme Court
  Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes 3 generations of
  imbeciles are enough.

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Q. Are standardized tests a tool for upper class
cultural reproduction

• Re Quotes made by original creators of
  Stanford-Binet and SAT.
• These quotes offer evidence for those that
  support the idea that standardized tests are a
  tool of cultural reproduction. Meaning a way to
  maintain their wealth and privilege within a
  society.

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North Carolina and State Sterilization Programs

• First and Last state to sterilize a citizen.
  (1971)
• First state to offer retribution payments to
  victims. Missed passing in the general assembly
  by just a few votes.

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North Carolina and Sterilization Programs

• Read quotes made by Wallace Kuralt head of
  Mecklenburg County Sterilization Board.
• Article drew heavy criticism and shock because
  Charles Kuralt is so revered in North Carolina
  history. While hes done so much good he was a
  product of the times

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Standardized Tests and Merit Pay programs to be
implemented in 2013-14

• Standardized tests to be used in nearly all
  classes (including the Fine Arts, PE) to judge
  the performance of teachers.
• Q What are some potential problems to this?

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Possible Effect of Stand. Testing Movement

• Fairness to students that are poor test takers
  (memorizers- one form of intelligence). Grades
  will be largely determined by tests.
• Pressure on Elementary school children.
  Non-Partisan Panel and
• developing inferiority complexes

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Drawbacks to testing Movement

• Teaching to the test and the decline of teacher
  creativity (in turn morale because there is a
  correlation between creativity at ones job and
  job satisfaction.
• Decline in teacher collegiality/sharing
• Test Teacher - YouTube
• Ex. Reading program Open Court

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Possible effects of Stand. testing movement

• Teaching to the test and student creativity,
  critical thinking skills.
• Not on the Test YouTube
• Teacher says no to testing YouTube
• RSA Animate - Changing Education Paradigms
  YouTube (start 400)

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Profits and Testing Mvt.

• Kaye McSpadden article Teacher Layoffs
  contrasted with increased spending on technology
  (smart boards, software). NYC says not showing
  results smartboard /software companies show huge
  profits.
• Teacher Layoffs and spending on testing
  (millions). Most argue increased test results
  does not coincide with increased performance.
  Both political parties are currently in favor of
  increased testing, lobbyists push for this.

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Defining IQ Scores

• The meaning of an IQ Score and MENSA

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Theories of Intelligence

• Spearmans General Intelligence (g/s factors)
  with specific abilities
• Howard Gardners Multiple Intelligences
• Sternbergs Triarchic Theory
• Golemans Emotional Intelligence

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Factor Analysis

• Activity on Factor Analysis.
• Q1. Which of the 12 question items appear to be
  related?
• Q2. In what way are they related?
• (Remember that this was an actual Personality
  Inventory designed to assess

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Charles Spearman and Factor Analysis

• Factor Analysis A statistical technique that
  identifies clusters of related items on a test
  this enables researchers to look at various
  dimensions of a test.
• Factor analysis was developed by Charles Spearman
  to help portray general intelligence
• Spearman claimed that general intelligence (g)
  underlies all of the factors.
• Spearman believed that intelligence could be
  expressed by one single factor (g)
• Many abilities/ specific factors (s) make up ones
  general intelligence (g). Playing football is a G
  and blocking or catching is a S

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Charles Spearman and Factor Analysis

• Spearman concludes that when a subject scores
  well in one factor of the intelligence test,
  he/she also has the tendency to score well in
  other factors. (positive correlation)
• Ex. If you score well in verbal comprehension,
  you may also tend to score well in reasoning or
  spatial ability
• Activity on Dyslexia, Disgraphia, Discalcula

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LL Thurstone

• Intelligence is comprised of seven primary mental
  abilities
• Numerical, reasoning, verbal fluency, spatial,
  perceptual, memory, and verbal comprehension.
  (you do not have to memorize these)
• Some detection that excelling in one indicates
  the tendency to excel in others leads to
  support of a g factor.

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Activity on Multiple Intelligences

• 1. Check off all that apply to you then add up
  your check marks.
• 2. Look on backside and read about the
  intelligences that match your check marks.

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Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences

• Multiple Intelligences - Intelligence encompasses
  a large range of human behavior
• 8 types of intelligence (aka smarts)
• A modern Thurstone approach

• 8 KINDS OF SMART
• Linguistic
• Logical mathematical
• Spatial
• Musical
• Bodily Kinesthetic
• Intrapersonal
• Interpersonal
• Naturalistic intelligence
• Q Which 2 intelligences are most important to
  succeed in school?

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Multiple Intelligences

• Intrapersonal- know thyself- some psychologists
  believe very important to accept past, live in
  present while setting goals for future.
• Interpersonal- (people smarts). Great at making
  connections with people, reading their thoughts,
  motives, needs .etc

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Multiple Intelligences

• Spatial- map reading, rubricks cube, checkers
  (p.434), artistic
• Musical Meet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS News. (or
  show on next frame??)
• Bodily-Kinestetic (athletes)
• Complete Battle of the Sexes.

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Gardners Theory

• Howard Gardner of The Multiple Intelligence
  Theory YouTube
• Start at 110

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Impact of Gardner

• Gardners Theory was impetus for schools such as
  the Northwest School Of Arts and Montesouri
  Schools
• Learning Style
• One idea is that left brained people have an
  advantage over right brained in todays society.

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What is a Savant?

• Savant syndrome a person otherwise limited in
  mental ability has an exceptional skill.
• Re Examples of Savants
• Many are also diagnosed with autism (afflict
  mostly males)
• Meet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS News
• Stephen Wiltshire The Human Camera - YouTube

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Robert Sternberg and the Triarchic Theory

• Sternbergs Triarchic Theory - three types of
  intelligences exist.
• Analytical (Componential) intelligence typical
  intelligence assess by intelligence tests.
• Creative (Experiential) intelligence use
  knowledge and experiences in creative ways
• Practical (Contextual) intelligence able to
  apply real-world situations

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Robert Sternberg and the Triarchic Theory

• Intelligence is NOT ability based, rather based
  on context and the situation.
• Sternberg encourages universities and employers
  to not only look at Analytical intelligence but
  also at creative and practical intelligence.
  Creative and practical intelligence are more
  realistic for everyday experiences.

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Daniel Goleman and Emotional Intelligence

• Emotional intelligence the ability to perceive,
  express, understand, and regulate emotions.
  (Goleman called this EQ)
• Ex. Delaying Gratification- The Marshmallow Test.
• EQ and IQ are both needed to succeed.

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Endless Memory

• Endless Memory, Part 2 - 60 minutes