Question of the DAY DEC 6

1
Question of the DAY DEC 6

• Which cells are responsible for the passing on of
  genetic information from parent to offspring?
• A. Somatic cells
• B. Diploid cells
• C. Gametes
• D. Cancer cells

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DO NOW DEC 6

• Work in groups of 3 to complete the DO NOW
• Create a list of physical characteristics you
  have in common with your group.
• Consider things like eye and hair color,
  style/texture of hair, shape of nose/ears, and so
  on.
• Why do we all look different from each other?

3
DO NOW ANSWERED

• We all have different parents.
• Our parents have their own physical
  characteristics that are expressed.
• These characteristics have been inherited from
  their parents as you have inherited
  characteristics from your parents.

4
AGENDA DEC 6

• Big Question What is heredity?
• 1. Question of the Day
• 2. DO NOW
• 3. Begin Chapter 11 Genetics
• 4. Gregor Mendel and his Contributions
• 5. Review and Homework
• Section 11-1 and 11-2 Quiz on Wednesday
• Mendels Crosses and Punnett Squares

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Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
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11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel

• heredity set of characteristics an organism
  receives from its parents
• genetics study of heredity

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Gregor Mendel

• born in 1822
• studied pea plants and how they reproduced

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Reproduction in Pea Plants

• pollen is the male sex cell
• eggs are the female sex cell
• reproduce by self pollination process in which
  pollen fertilizes an egg from the same plant
• reproduces by cross pollination process in which
  pollen from one plant fertilizes an egg from
  another plant

9
Mendels First Experiment

• prevented flowers from self pollinating
• controlled cross pollination
• cut off male parts of flowers and dusted flowers
  with pollen from another flower
• was able to cross plants with different
  characteristics
• used purebreds an organism that only produces
  offspring with only one form of a trait
• A specific characteristic such as seed color or
  plant height

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QUESTION of the Day Dec 9

• Which of the following are not examples of
  heredity?
• A. the stripes of a zebra
• B. the rows of teeth in the mouth of a Great
  White Shark
• C. speaking a foreign language
• D. a tiger hunting prey

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DO NOW DEC 9

• If you crossed a Tall pea plant with a short pea
  plant, how would you predict the offspring
  produced?

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AGENDA DEC 9

• BIG Question How can characteristics of
  offspring be determined?
• 1. Question of the day and DO NOW
• 2. Mendels Crosses
• P, F1, and F2 Generations
• 3. Punnett Squares
• 4. Review and Homework

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DO NOW ANSWERED

• You would need to know which trait, Tall or
  short, was the dominant one.
• It is also necessary to identify the alleles from
  each parent that may be passed down to an
  offspring.
• This dominant trait will most likely be expressed.

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True-Breeding

• True-breeding plants are plants that only carry
  one allele for a trait.
• If these plants are allowed to self-pollinate,
  they will produce offspring identical to
  themselves.
• TALL plants produce TALL plants
• Green seeded plants produce Green seeded plants

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Pea Plant Traits

• studied only seven traits with only two options
• decided to cross pea plants with different
  characteristics for the same trait
• tall with short, green seeds with yellow seeds,
  round seeds with wrinkled seeds, and so on
• alleles different forms of a gene

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Mendels Results

• offspring were hybrids organisms produced by
  crossing parents with differing characteristics
• all hybrids had the characteristics of only one
  parent

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Mendels Conclusions

• 1. individual factors, called genes, control each
  trait
• 2. principle of dominance some factors or
  alleles are dominant whereas others are recessive

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Mendels Second Experiment

• allowed hybrid plants to reproduce among
  themselves
• kept groups in order
• P generation purebred group
• F1 generation hybrid group
• F2 generation offspring of hybrids
• in F2 plants, the recessive traits reappeared

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Mendels Results

• in his F2 generations, the recessive trait showed
  up in ¼ of the offspring
• phenotype physical characteristics
• genotype genetic makeup
• homozygous two identical alleles for a
  particular trait
• TT, homozygous dominant
• tt, homozygous recessive
• heterozygous having two different alleles for
  the same trait
• Tt

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Question of the Day DEC 11

• An organism with a genotype of bb is called
• A. Heterozygous recessive
• B. Homozygous dominant
• C. Heterozygous dominant
• D. Homozygous recessive

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DO NOW DEC 11

• Determine the possible genotypes of a pea plant
  that is Tall and has white flowers.
• Tall is dominant over short
• Purple is dominant over white flowers

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DO NOW ANSWERED

• Possible Genotypes
• TT pp where T Tall P Purple
• t short
  p white
• Tt pp

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AGENDA DEC 11

• BIG Question What did Gregor Mendel conclude
  about the inheritance of traits in pea plants?
• 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW
• 2. Mendels Crosses
• P, F1, and F2 Generations
• 3. Solving Monohybrid Crosses
• Identifying Genotypes and Phenotypes
• 4. Review of Mendels Results and Homework
• QUIZ on Thursday Sections 11-1 and 11-2

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Genes and Alleles

• genes unit that determines traits
• alleles different forms of a gene
• have two alleles for each trait
• one from each parent
• sex cells contain one allele
• when sex cells combine, create cells with two
  sets of genes

25
11-2 Probability and Punnett Squares

• probability applies to genetics because the
  formation of gametes depends on random events

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Probability and Punnett Squares

• probability the likelihood that a particular
  event will occur
• probability the number of times a particular
  event occurs the number of opportunities for
  the event to occur
• Punnett squares analyze the results of an
  experimental cross
• determines the probability of getting certain
  genotypes and phenotypes

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Predicting Averages

• Consider our class and the test we have recently
  taken.
• If the test average was a 70, explain how this
  average is possible having only 2 test scores.
• With 3 Test Scores?
• These results will depend on the individual
  students and courses.

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Predicting Averages

• Probabilities predict the average outcome of a
  large number of events.
• Cannot predict the precise outcome of an single
  event.
• Also true for genetics.
• Larger numbers of offspring will produce results
  closer to the expected values/ratios.
• In the F1 Gen of Mendels pea plants, only 3 or 4
  offspring may not the predicted offspring.
• However, hundreds or thousands of these offspring
  will produce ratios very close to expectations of
  Mendels results.

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Question of the Day Dec 12

• Which ratio did Mendel find in his F2 Generation
  of pea plants?
• A. 31
• B. 131
• C. 19
• D. 43

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DO NOW DEC 12

• Solve the following problem
• Cross a Heterozygous Long-clawed panther with a
  short-clawed panther.
• List all of the possible genotypes and their
  phenotypes.
• What ratio of panther cubs with short claws?

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DO NOW ANSWERED Dec 12

• L LONG CLAW DOMINANT
• l short claw

L l
l LL ll
l Ll ll
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AGENDA DEC 12

• BIG Question How do geneticts use the principle
  of probability?
• 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW
• 2. Section 11-1/11-2 QUIZ TOMORROW
• 3. Principles of Segregation and Independent
  Assortment
• 4. Inheriting Traits Lab Investigation
• 5. Review and Homework

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Segregation

• the separation of alleles during
  gamete formation
• when gametes, or sex cells,
  come together, new combinations occur
• gene combinations can be represented in a chart
  using Punnett squares
• monohybrid cross crossing one trait

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Segregation

• F1 plants each have one dominant and one
  recessive allele.
• When the F1 plants are crossed with each other,
  the recessive allele reappears in the offspring
  (F2 Gen)

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AGENDA DEC 13

• BIG QUESTION What is a dihybrid cross?
• 1. CHAPTER 11-1 and 11-2 QUIZ
• 2. Dihybrid Crosses
• 3. Inheriting Traits LAB
• 4. Homework and Review
• Finish Lab Packet and Drawing
• Dihybrid Crosses Practice Problems

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Independent Assortment

• process by which genes segregate independently
• if a plant has a round seed, it does not mean it
  will always have a yellow seed
• can cross two traits, called a dihybrid cross,
  and have independent assortment
• get all sort of genotypes

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A Summary of Mendels Work

1. genes control heredity
2. genes are inherited from each parent
3. some forms of the gene may be dominant and others
   may be recessive
4. segregation occurs during the formation of
   reproductive cells
5. genes for different traits may sort independently
   of one another

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Dihybrid Crosses

• Solving for two different traits.
• Parents --- RrYy and RrYy
• R Wrinkled seed Y Yellow seed
• Capital Letters DOMINANT TRAITS
• Use the FOIL method to determine all of the
  possible genotypes of the parents.
• Ffirst Oouter Iinner Llast

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Dihybrid Crosses

• Parent Genotypes RrYy
• Use FOIL Method to find possible allele
  combinations.
• F RY O Ry I rY L ry
• Allele Combinations RY Ry rY ry

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Dihybrid Crosses
RY Ry rY ry
RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
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Question of the Day DEC 16

• All hybrids have which of the following
  genotypes?
• A. Homozygous dominant
• B. Heterozygous
• C. Homozygous recessive
• D. Both A and C

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DO NOW DEC 16

• Cross a homozygous Tall, heterozygous yellow
  seeded pea plant with a short, green seeded pea
  plant.
• What percentage of the offspring will be tall and
  green seeded?

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DO NOW ANSWER DEC 16
TY Ty TY Ty
ty TtYy Ttyy TtYy Ttyy
ty TtYy Ttyy TtYy Ttyy
ty TtYy Ttyy TtYy Ttyy
ty TtYy Ttyy TtYy Ttyy
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AGENDA DEC 16

• BIG Question How do alleles separate
  independently from one another?
• 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW
• 2. Sections 11-1 and 11-2 Quiz Tomorrow
• 3. Dihybrid Crosses Practice
• 4. Homework and Review

45
11-3 A Closer Look At Heredity

• many genes have more than one allele or have
  alleles that are neither dominant nor recessive
• incomplete dominance neither allele is
  completely dominant or recessive
• The phenotype for a heterozygous offspring is
  somewhere in the middle.

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Incomplete Dominance

• Cross a Red Flowered plant with a White Flowered
  plant.
• What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the
  offspring?
• Will offspring have White Flowers?

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Punnett Square Solution
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Codominance

• codominance both alleles are expressed and
  contribute to the phenotype
• Example Roan horse
• CWCW ? White Coat
• CRCR ? Red Coat
• CRCW ? Roan Coat
• Cross a Roan Horse with a Red coated Horse.

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Multiple Alleles
Polygenic Traits

• a trait that has more than two alleles
• eye color
• blood type

• traits that are controlled by more than one gene
• facial appearance

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Multiple Alleles Polygenic Traits

• Blood types in humans.
• A
• B
• AB
• O
• ALLELES A, B, O
• Coat color in rabbits
• Four different alleles

• Skin color in humans
• Eye color is various organisms
• Fruit flies

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Question of the Day Dec 17

• Human blood types are known as _________ and are
  controlled by __________ alleles.
• A. polygenic traits, 3
• B. multiple alleles, 4
• C. polygenic traits, 4
• D. multiple alleles, 3

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DO NOW DEC 17

• A farmer has been told by his friend that
  white-coated horses are worth more money than red
  or roan coated horses. He decides to breed his
  own by crossing two Roan coat horses.
• Is he successful?
• List the genotypes and phenotypes of all the
  offspring.
• List the percentage of each phenotype.

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DO NOW Answered DEC 17

• CR CW x CR CW ? RW x RW
• Yes. 1 out of 4 horses has a WHITE Coat.

R W
R RR RW
W RW WW
54
AGENDA DEC 17

• BIG Question How do multiple alleles affect the
  genetics of organisms?
• 1. Question and DO NOW
• 2. Review Incomplete Dominance Homework
• 3. Finish Chapter 11 Notes
• 4. Blood Typing Practice Problems
• TEST ON THURSDAY DEC 19

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HEREDITY

• Codominance

• Incomplete Dominance

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BLOOD TYPES

• Controlled by 3 Alleles
• A (IA), B (IB) and O (ii)
• A and B are codominant
• Both dominant over O

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Blood Type Punnett Squares
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11-5 Gene Linkage

• In 1910, Thomas Hunt Morgan conducted many
  experiments with the Drosophilia fruit fly.
• Many groups of genes were linked together.
• Reddish eyes and miniature wings
• This led to two conclusions.
• 1. Chromosomes are actually groups of linked
  genes
• 2. Chromosomes assort independently (not single
  genes)

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11-5 Gene Mapping

• Crossing over can separate and exchange linked
  genes.
• Creates genetic diversity
• The farther apart 2 genes are from one another,
  the greater chance they would be separate by
  crossing over.
• Genetic maps of distances were created using this
  principle.

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Question of the DAY DEC 19

• A child having a blood type of A can have which
  of the following allele combinations.
• A. AB, AO
• B. AA, BO
• C. AO, AA
• D. BO, AO

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DO NOW DEC 19

• A child has blood type AB. The mother of the
  child also has blood type AB. List all of the
  possible blood types of the father.

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DO NOW ANSWERED DEC 19

• The mother can pass on an A allele or a B allele.
• The father must therefore also be able to pass on
  either an A or a B allele.
• Possible genotypes of the father ?
• AA BB AO BO AB

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AGENDA DEC 19

• BIG Question How has Mendelian Genetics impacted
  the study of modern day genetics?
• 1. Question of the DAY and DO NOW
• 2. Review Blood Type Problems
• 3. STUDY GUIDES
• 4. CHAPTER 11 TEST TOMORROW
• THURSDAY DEC 19
• STUDY!!!

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Problem 2
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