Extrications are one of our incident types that are typically true emergencies.

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Extrications are one of our incident types that
are typically true emergencies.
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The goal of this class is to

• Convey the established standard of the
  operational guide and the tactical objectives for
  the Troy Fire Department.

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To accomplish this goal we will
Review the updated Tactical Plan 203.01.
Perform a practical exercise to implement the
procedures learned.
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The Golden Hour

• THE VICTIM OF A SERIOUS ACIDENT HAS ONLY A SHORT
  TIME (FOR A FAVORABLE OUTCOME) FROM THE INCIDENT
  TO TREATMENT.

With this in mind, we need to work quickly and
efficiently to help get the victim to treatment
as soon as possible.
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 This plan will outline basic operational
procedures to be followed when the Fire
Department operates at incidents requiring
extrication. While this plan is oriented to
vehicle rescue, these guidelines can be applied
to other extrication situations, such as
machinery entrapment.  
SCOPE
RESPONSE READINESS
Due to the multitude of extrication situations
that have been encountered, the Fire Department
has acquired an assortment of equipment that can
be used to accomplish the various tasks required
at the extrication scenes. In order for this
equipment to be effective, it must be maintained
in a state of constant readiness.
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INCIDENT RESPONSE
When alerted to respond to an incident requiring
extrication, personnel shall plan their response
based on the following factors
Type of incident extrication only, extrication
and fuel spill, fire, hazardous materials?
Location of incident intersection,
expressway-northbound or southbound? Responding
units shall stay alert for additional information
from arriving Police and/or Fire units. Traffic
and/or weather conditions may require responding
units to alter their response plan.
Potential hazards hazardous materials, electric
wires, leaking fuel.
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ESTABLISHING COMMAND
The Incident Commander (IC) shall perform a
preliminary survey (size-up) of the situation.
This survey shall include coordination with
Police and EMS personnel if they are on scene,
determination of number of victims to be
extricated, and actual or potential hazards to
personnel.
The IC, designating the command with the location
of the incident (ex I-75 Command) shall radio a
brief size-up report to Dispatch and advise the
extent of the incident.
In the event there are multiple victims in need
of extrication, the IC shall determine if
additional equipment and personnel will be
required (2nd alarm).
Some incidents require specialized equipment
(heavy rescue, large tow truck, equipment from
DPW). With this type of incident the IC shall
make a special request for the required equipment
through Dispatch.
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ARRIVAL AT INCIDENT
When arriving at the scene, apparatus shall be
located to provide access for firefighting and
extrication equipment. When placing apparatus,
wind direction, slope of terrain, protection of
personnel, presence of energized overhead wires
and/or other hazards shall be considered. The
apparatus should be close enough to access to
equipment adequately, and far enough so that
engine noise and exhaust fumes are minimized in
the extrication area. Apparatus and personal
vehicles shall be staged as described in Tactical
Plan 208.12 (Emergency Scene Traffic Management).
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ASSIGNMENTS AND DUTIES
IC Preliminary survey (size up). Look at what
you have. If you can, do a 360 look at the
vehicle and determine if any hazards may be in
the area.
Develop an action plan (plan A).
Determine how you plan to get the victim(s) out.
Check with EMS, if they are on the scene, to see
how they would like to have them extricated. EMS
should have of idea as to what path will do the
least harm. After you develop plan A, it needs
to be relayed to the Extrication Leader for
implementation. Provide a brief size up report
to dispatch, and give update reports on extended
incidents.
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EXTRICATION LEADER (Officer when possible)
Oversees the extrication crew and all operation
of the extrication.
Implements the primary Action Plan, monitors
progress, prepare and have ready an alternate
action plan. Implement the alternate action plan
is required. (Notifies the IC when modifications
are made.)
Does not typically do hands-on work.
SAFETY OFFICER
Responsible for the overall safety of the
scene.Reports to the IC.
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EXTRICATION CREW
Does the hands-on work of the extrication, and
carrying out the action plan directed by the
Extrication Leader.
HAZARD CONTROL CREW
Responsible for abating all hazards (fire, fuel,
spill, etc.), making sure that a hose line is
pulled, charged and manned.
Crew is made up of a Crew Leader (Officer when
possible) and firefighters.
Hazard Control Crew Leader works in conjunction
with the Extrication Leader and the IC.
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STAGING (Support Crew)
Responsible for the readiness of equipment that
will be used or may be used. Makes sure the
equipment is removed from the truck and placed on
a tarp near the incident. Provides lighting at
incidents when require.
The Staging Leader (officer when possible) is
responsible for providing the equipment requested
by the Extrication Leader or the IC.
Responsible for looking up information in the
computer for any hazards that may be unique to
the vehicle.
Assists EMS as requested (medically trained fire
personnel should be used if available).
Responsible for a staging area for unassigned
personnel.
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OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Operations at incidents requiring extrication
have common objectives. These objectives can
be summarized as follows
CONTROL HAZARDS

Hazards to victims, Police, Fire and EMS
personnel must be identified and mitigated. These
hazards include
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FIRE
Fire must be controlled and/or extinguished to
protect the extrication operations. Adequate
personnel, hose line (minimum 1 3/4"), and water
supply must be deployed. Fire personnel assigned
to this area shall be in full protective clothing
with SCBA. Masks should be worn, but the
breathing tube need not be attached until SCBA is
utilized.
SPILLED FUEL
Fuel leaks and spills must be controlled to
prevent ignition. Leak plugging, absorption,
treatment with neutralizing agents, and foam
application can be employed to mitigate the
hazard.
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ENERGIZED ELECTRICAL WIRES
The scene shall be surveyed to identify any
downed electrical wires or underground electrical
facilities. If electrical hazards are located,
they shall be identified to prevent personnel
from coming in contact with them. Care should be
exercised prior to touching vehicles to determine
if they are energized.
TRAFFIC
Traffic control is the responsibility of the
Police Department. The Incident Commander shall
coordinate with the Police Department regarding
closing of roadways and/or rerouting of traffic.
When fire apparatus and personnel are positioned
in the roadway, sufficient lanes shall be blocked
to provide a safe working area around vehicles
and apparatus. (see Tac Plan208.12)
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CROWD CONTROL
Crowd control is the responsibility of the Police
Department. The Incident Commander shall
coordinate with the on-scene Police Commander in
order to keep onlookers at a safe distance from
operations. Barrier tape may be utilized to
create a visible perimeter.
UNSTABLE VEHICLES
Unstable vehicles shall be stabilized as soon as
possible. The objective of stabilization is to
provide the maximum number of contact points
between the vehicle and the ground and spread
these points over the widest area possible. Do
not test for stability by pushing the vehicle.
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HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Personnel shall be constantly aware of the
possibility that involved vehicles may contain
hazardous materials. Vehicles transporting
hazardous materials may not be placarded.
Alternative motor fuels such as Propane should
also be considered. SCBA shall be used if the
presence of hazardous materials is suspected or
confirmed.
ELECTRICALLY OPERATED RESCUE TOOLS
Make sure that when using the reciprocating saw,
constantly keep it lubricated with a soap-water
solution.
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GAINING ACCESS
A route for EMS personnel to gain access to the
victim(s) shall be provided as soon as possible.
This will allow for patient assessment and
initiation of emergency care while extrication
operations are conducted.
The method and route for gaining access shall be
selected with speed as the major consideration.
Possible routes include undamaged doors, windows
(side and rear tempered windows are easily
shattered with a sharp pointed tool), and body
sheet metal such as the roof. The route selected
for gaining access does not have to be the route
by which the victim will ultimately be removed.
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DISENTANGLEMENT
This process provides for removing any
obstructions preventing the removal of the victim
from the vehicle, and providing a pathway large
enough for required equipment to go in and the
victim to be removed. Common obstructions to
victim removal are deformed sheet metal, doors,
pedals, seats, dashboard, and steering
wheel/column assembly. A number of methods can be
utilized to effect disentanglement. These
include
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DISASSEMBLY
The removal of fasteners such as bolts and nuts
using common hand tools.
DISTORTION
The forcible bending or twisting of parts such as
forcing open a door.
DISPLACEMENT
The movement of vehicle components from one place
to another, such as moving the seat backward or
pulling the steering wheel forward.
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SEVERANCE
The cutting of vehicle components such as cutting
the steering wheel or removing the roof. Often
a combination of these methods is required, as in
a dash roll-up which combines severance (cutting
the base of the "A" pillar) with displacement
(pushing the dash up and forward).
REMOVAL
Removal of victims shall be by or under the
direction of the EMS personnel. Generally victims
will be immobilized prior to removal with short
and/or long backboards.
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SUPPLEMENTAL RESTRAINT SYSTEMS (AIR BAGS)
In addition to seat and shoulder belt restraint
systems, many passenger vehicles are equipped
with air bags. The driver-side air bag module is
located in the hub of the steering wheel. The
passenger-side air bag module (if the vehicle is
so equipped) is in the dashboard above the glove
compartment. Side curtain air bags are possibly
located in the B pillar or roof. Verify
locations of SRS components with the apparatus
computer program (Crash Recovery System).
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RESCUE WITH UN-DEPLOYED AIR BAG
Air bags that are in the steering wheel and
dashboard will deploy in a moderate to major
frontal or near frontal collisions. Side air
bags are meant to deploy in a side collision.
The following guidelines shall be followed when
a vehicle is thought to be equipped with an air
bag that did not deploy
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RESCUE WITH UN-DEPLOYED AIR BAG (cont.)
Determine if the vehicle is equipped with air
bag(s).
Check for a larger, more rectangular steering
wheel hub, about 6 inches by 9 inches.
Check for an "SRS" or similar initials molded on
the trim cover of the air bag module.
When cutting any of the A, B or C pillars, there
is a potential of damaging the bag inflators. It
is imperative that you evaluate the vehicle and
the areas where you will need to cut, by removing
the plastic and trim in these areas. When bags
are present, it is not imperative that you know
the exact location of the inflator. What is
imperative is that you know that the inflator is
not where you are going to make your cut.
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RESCUE WITH UN-DEPLOYED AIR BAG (cont.)
DO NOT place your body or any objects/tools on
the air bag module trim cover or close in front
of an un-deployed air bag module.
Safely disconnect or cut the battery cables (cut
the negative wire first) before cutting into the
steering column if possible. Turning the
ignition switch off will not deactivate the air
bag system.
DO NOT cut or drill into an un-deployed air bag
module or attempt to take the module apart. This
will avoid possible deployment and exposure to
potentially toxic chemicals. Do not touch or
inhale exposed chemicals in the unlikely event
the metal inflator canister of an un-deployed air
bag module is ruptured or cut.
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RESCUE WITH DEPLOYED AIR BAG
Use normal extrication procedures and equipment.
There are no hazardous medical consequences for
an occupant or rescuer from a deployed air bag.
The surface of deployed air bag(s) and the
vehicle interior may be dusted with corn starch
or talcum powder, which is used to lubricate the
air bag as it deploys, and sodium compounds, a
byproduct of the gas generate combustion.
Wear normal protective equipment including eye
and hand protection. This will guard against
possible skin or eye irritation from the powdery
air bag residue. Avoid getting air bag residue
into your eyes or into the occupant's eyes or
wounds.
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RESCUE WITH DEPLOYED AIR BAG (cont.)
Be aware of hot metal parts underneath the
deployed air bag fabric. These components are
located inside the steering wheel hub or behind
the dashboard area. Push the deflated air bag
aside for occupant removal. There is no need to
cover, remove, or repack the air bag during
extrication.
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INCIDENT TERMINATION
When terminating an incident, personnel shall
account for all equipment and mitigate all
hazards prior to leaving the scene.
Clean up of debris is the responsibly (by state
law) of the towing company and is coordinated by
the Police Department.
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VIIII. STANDARD EQUIPMENT
In order to standardize incident response, all
extrication equipment is carried on the -2 (i.e.
Eng 1-2) truck in each station.
The following is a list of standard extrication
equipment assigned to each station
- Hydraulic (Hurst) rescue tool. This includes
power unit/generator, model 32 spreader, model
"O" cutter, models 20, 30 60 rams, extra hoses,
chains hooks. - Air chisel with regulator,
hoses, and assorted bits (panel cutters, long and
short cutting chisels).  - Electric
reciprocating saw with assorted cutting blades. 
- Cable come along with extra handles, 5 ft. and
12 ft. rescue chains. - Hand powered manual
hydraulic spreaders. - Assorted cribbing. -
Metal Band Saw.
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SPECIAL EQUIPMENT (HEAVY RESCUE)
Station 4 houses the Heavy Rescue. This
apparatus is equipped with additional equipment
that could be used for high challenge
extrication. Some of the equipment that is on the
Heavy Rescue is one of a kind. The following is
a list of equipment that is carried.
RESCUE CRIBBING MIN 500 PSI (25)6X6X24(40)6X6X3
6(15)4X4X48(144)4X4X24(56)2X4X24(8)6X6X24
WEDGES(26)4X4X24 WEDGES
- Tool box with assortment of hand tools
including seatbelt cutter and spring loaded
center punch.- Die Grinder- Arcair cutting
system
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SPECIAL EQUIPMENT (HEAVY RESCUE) cont.
RESCUE 42 STRUTS(2) LONG STRUTS W HARDWARE(2)
SHORTS STRUTS W HARDWARE(1) A FRAME KIT(1)
STRUT JACK(1) SCREW HEAD JACK
CHAINS AND RATCHET STRAPS(4) 4X 30 CHAIN
ANCHOR RATCHET STRAPS WITH GRAB HOOKS 5400LB
SWL(2) ½ X 20 GRADE 80 ALLOY CHAINS WITH GRAB
HOOKS 12000 LB SWL(3) 5/8 RATCHETING LOAD
BINDERS WITH GRAB HOOKS 13000 LB SWL
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SPECIAL EQUIPMENT (HEAVY RESCUE) cont.
PARATECH HI PRESSURE AIR LIFTING BAGS 12 TON
15X15 MAX 8 LIFT (6)17 TON 14X21 MAX 9
LIFT (10)22 TON 20X20 MAX 11 LIFT 32 TON
24X24 MAX 13 LIFT 35 TON 14X 42 MAX 10
LIFT 44 TON 28X28 MAX 15 LIFT 74 TON 36X
36 MAX 24 LIFT(LIFTING BAGS CAN BE DOUBLE
STACKED) (2)DEADMAN CONTROLLERS WITH HOSE SETS
(4) 18X18 ¾ PLYWOOD(2) 36X36 ¾ PLYWOOD(3)
4500 PSI SCBA CYLINDERS
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SPECIAL EQUIPMENT (HEAVY RESCUE) cont.
HYDRAULIC RESCUE TOOLS(2) 5000 PSI HURST 110V
PUMPS INDEPENDENTLY WIRED FOR SIMULTANEOUS
OPERATION. THEY ARE ALSO PORTABLE.(2) ONBOARD
100 HURST HYDRAULIC HOSE REELS(1) HURST MODEL
32 SPREADER(1) HURST MODEL O CUTTER(1) HURST
MODEL 30 RAM(1) HURST MODEL 60 RAM(1) CHAMPION
RESCUE TOOL BEAST WITH SPREADER TIP(1) CHAMPION
RESCUE TOOL BEAST CUTTER TIP(1) CHAMPION RESCUE
TOOL BEAST USAR CUTTER TIP(3) 15 HURST HOSE SETS
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SPECIAL EQUIPMENT (HEAVY RESCUE) cont.
MISC. TOOLS(1) DEWALT 36 VOLT SAWZALL W SPARE
BATTERY AND ONBOARD CHARGER(1) DEWALT 36 VOLT
CUTOFF TOOL(1) MILWAUKEE ELECTRIC SAWZALL(1)
PICK HEAD AXE(1) FLAT HEAD AXE(1) 12 LB
SLEDGE(1) HALIGAN BAR(1) 48 PRY BAR(1) LARGE
BOLT CUTTER(2) RESCUE 42 RAMS SUPPORTS(1)
GLASSMASTER(2) BATTERY CABLE CUTTERS(6) SAFETY
GLASSES(4) SETS EAR PROTECTION(1) TOOL BOX WITH
SOCKETS AND MISC. HAND TOOLS
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SPECIAL EQUIPMENT (HEAVY RESCUE) cont.
ELECTRICAL(1) 20KW PTO GENERATOR(1) COMMAND
LIGHT(1) 100 12/3 CORD REEL(3) 50 12/3
PORTABLE REELS MULTIPLE 110V OUTLETS(6)
FLASHLIGHTS
MISC. RESCUE(2) STOKES BASKETS(2)
BACKBOARDS(1) SKED RESCUE TRIPOD(1) LARKIN
FRAME(1) MISC. RAPELLING HARNESSES AND RESCUE
ROPE
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SPECIAL EQUIPMENT (HEAVY RESCUE) cont.
EXTINGUISHERS(1) 10A60BC DRY CHEM(1) 5BC
CO2(1) 2.5 GAL WATER EXTINGUISHER(1) 2.5 GAL
BIOSOLVE EXTINGUISHER(400) 2X2 ABSORBENT
PADS(4) 5 GAL PAILS OIL DRY(2) 5 GAL PAILS
BIOSOLVE
MISC(1) FIRST AID KIT(6) DISPOSABLE
BLANKETS(2) 5X12 TARPS(1) CASE HIGHWAY FLARES
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