Unit 1

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Unit 1Chapters 1 5

• Exploration and Colonization
• CSS 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 11.1, 11.3

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Themes of History

• Political
• having to do with gaining, seeking and organizing
  power
• events related to making and enforcing laws,
  forms of government and changes to government,
  political parties, and elections
• Economic
• having to do with how people meet their basic
  material needs
• events related to the production, distribution,
  and consumption of goods and services, domestic
  and foreign trade, taxes, and monetary policy
• Geography
• having to do with the earth and its resources
• events related to agricultural production,
  climate,
• Social/Cultural
• having to do with people interacting in groups
• events related to issues of gender, ethnicity,
  religion, social class, and popular culture

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Exploration (1000-1500)

• Columbian Exchange, 1492
• trade between New and Old worlds
• population increase labor pool
• better nutrition
• corn, potatoes, and beans
• death of natives (90)
• Treaty of Tordesillas, 1493
• Line of Demarcation
• submission of Catholic kings to Pope
• divided world between Spain and Portugal
• Spanish Armada, 1585
• preserved Protestant rule in England
• led to English naval dominance
• English colonization of New World

• Reasons for Exploration
• silks and spices (Marco Polo)
• crusades created market for eastern goods
• Muslims controlled trade routes through Middle
  East
• rise of nation-states
• missionary orders
• New Technology
• triangular sails
• Astrolabe
• better maps
• new ship design

4
Northwest Passage?
Hudson
New France
New England
Iroquois
Aztec
Inca
New Spain
Brazil
5
God, Gold, and Glory (1500-1600)

• Primogeniture
• system by which oldest son inherited everything
• Conquistadores
• soldiers who sought wealth in the crusader
  spirit, by conquering in the name of the Church
  (some were incredibly successful)
• Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs, 1519
• Pizarro conquered Incas, 1532
• mestizos
• half native and half Spanish

• Black Legend
• conversion of natives meant destruction of native
  culture and traditions
• Cathedrals were built on the foundations of old
  temples
• Bartolomeo de las Casas
• wrote about the peopleone of few records of
  Aztecs we have today
• Juniperra Serra
• est. missions in 1700s
• encomiendas
• plantation style colonies led to enslavement of
  natives
• produced ore and sugar
• native population died creating market for
  African slaves

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Iroquois
Mission System
Aztec
Cabrillo, 1543
Maya
Inca
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New France (1600-1700)

• Samuel de Champlain, 1608
• founded Quebec in 1608
• made alliance with Huron
• Iroquois became allies with British
• Robert La Salle, 1682
• sailed down Mississippi in 1682
• killed by own men in 1685 looking for it from
  Gulf of Mexico
• New Orleans founded 1718

• Edict of Nantes, 1598
• barred French Huguenots from New France
• mostly single men came, few women
• Jesuit missionaries
• coureurs de bois
• fur traders who set up local fur trade posts
• cooperation with Indians rather than conquest
  became model for colony

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Thirteen Colonies 1607-1733
Name Year Founder Type Religion Economics, Religion, and Society
New Hampshire 1638 John Wheelright Charter Puritan New England subsistence farming lumber, fur, shipbuilding supplies shipping, fishing, whaling little religious tolerance except RI Plymouth absorbed by MA in 1691 New Haven absorbed by CT in 1692
Massachusetts Bay 1629 Puritans Charter Puritan New England subsistence farming lumber, fur, shipbuilding supplies shipping, fishing, whaling little religious tolerance except RI Plymouth absorbed by MA in 1691 New Haven absorbed by CT in 1692
Plymouth 1620 Pilgrims Charter Separatist New England subsistence farming lumber, fur, shipbuilding supplies shipping, fishing, whaling little religious tolerance except RI Plymouth absorbed by MA in 1691 New Haven absorbed by CT in 1692
Rhode Island 1636 Roger Williams Charter Puritan New England subsistence farming lumber, fur, shipbuilding supplies shipping, fishing, whaling little religious tolerance except RI Plymouth absorbed by MA in 1691 New Haven absorbed by CT in 1692
Connecticut 1639 Thomas Hooker Charter Puritan New England subsistence farming lumber, fur, shipbuilding supplies shipping, fishing, whaling little religious tolerance except RI Plymouth absorbed by MA in 1691 New Haven absorbed by CT in 1692
New Haven 1637 John Davenport Charter Puritan New England subsistence farming lumber, fur, shipbuilding supplies shipping, fishing, whaling little religious tolerance except RI Plymouth absorbed by MA in 1691 New Haven absorbed by CT in 1692
New York 1664 James, Duke of York Royal Protestant Middle Colonies bread basket most religiously and ethnically diverse absorbed New Amsterdam and New Sweden
Pennsylvania 1681 William Penn Proprietary Quaker Middle Colonies bread basket most religiously and ethnically diverse absorbed New Amsterdam and New Sweden
New Jersey 1664 George Carteret Proprietary Protestant Middle Colonies bread basket most religiously and ethnically diverse absorbed New Amsterdam and New Sweden
Delaware 1704 William Penn Proprietary Quaker Middle Colonies bread basket most religiously and ethnically diverse absorbed New Amsterdam and New Sweden
Maryland 1636 Lord Baltimore Proprietary Catholic Southern Colonies cash cropstobacco (1612), rice, indigo slavery introduced in 1619 plantation economy closest economic and cultural ties with England
Virginia 1607 Virginia Company Charter Anglican Southern Colonies cash cropstobacco (1612), rice, indigo slavery introduced in 1619 plantation economy closest economic and cultural ties with England
Roanoke 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh Charter Anglican Southern Colonies cash cropstobacco (1612), rice, indigo slavery introduced in 1619 plantation economy closest economic and cultural ties with England
North Carolina 1663 8 Lord Proprietors Proprietary Anglican Southern Colonies cash cropstobacco (1612), rice, indigo slavery introduced in 1619 plantation economy closest economic and cultural ties with England
South Carolina 1729 Earl of Granville Royal Anglican Southern Colonies cash cropstobacco (1612), rice, indigo slavery introduced in 1619 plantation economy closest economic and cultural ties with England
Georgia 1733 James Oglethorpe Royal Anglican Southern Colonies cash cropstobacco (1612), rice, indigo slavery introduced in 1619 plantation economy closest economic and cultural ties with England
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New England (4)1620-1700

• Moving West
• new towns in NE were required to have a minister,
  a school, and permission from parents to move
• the layout of communities was very orderly with a
  central green with a church and school and farms
  around center
• Roger Williams
• exiled from MA for saying religion should not
  influence government and Indians should be paid
  for their land
• Rhode Island became haven for religious freedom
• Salem Witch Trials, 1692-1693
• at least 25 executed in hysteria, ended when
  governors wife accused

• Puritan Influence on America
• homogenous, Puritan, universal education -
  Harvard
• work ethic, diversified economy
• Mayflower Compact, 1620
• first democratic government in Americas
• about 2/5 males voted (still more democratic than
  England)
• Fundamental Orders, 1639
• first written constitution, used as government of
  CT
• Town Meeting
• democratic forum of government in NE towns
• all freemen could vote at city hall/church

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1519 AD Reformation
People of the Book --Jews, Christians, Muslims
Great Schism, 1054
Orthodox Church
Greece, Russia, Byzantine Empire

• Martin Luther (Lutherans)
• necessity of clergy
• purchase of indulgences
• translation of Bible into German (printing press)

Protestant Reformation 1519 (95 Theses)

• John Calvin (Calvinists)
• predestinationa person is saved by Gods grace
• no control over going to heaven or hell

• Puritans
• John Winthrop
• Massachusetts, 1629
• purify Church of England
• Great Migration
• Oliver Cromwell Roundheads

• Quakers (Friends)
• William Penn
• Pennsylvania
• no clergyspoke when moved by God
• refused to swear loyalty to king
• refused to fight
• used archaic thee

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Predestination

• Visible Saints or the Elect
• those bound for heaven
• experienced a manifestation of Gods gift of
  saving grace
• verified before church council (with witnesses)
• the children of the damned are damned
• Anne Hutchinson
• exiled from MA in 1638
• taught antinomianism
• went to RI for religious freedom
• Half-Way Covenant, 1662
• Puritans allowed unconverted to attend meetings
  and their children might become visible saints
• increased religious participation and erased
  class barriers in New England

• Great Awakening, 1730s
• revitalized religious fervor in colonies
• protestants divided over new preaching
• Jonathan Edwards
• Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
• graphic state of sinner
• reliance on Gods grace
• George Whitefield
• an itinerant preacher who spread his message
  across the colonies
• Old Lights
• rejected the new style for older, more dignified
  sermons
• New Lights
• embraced new emotional preaching
• creation of New Light Colleges
• Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth

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Middle Colonies (4)1660s - 1700

• New Amsterdam, 1623-1664
• est. by Dutch West India Companyoversaw Dutch
  interests in western hemisphere
• Dutch most powerful trade empire of the period
• Peter Stuyvesant military ruler, conquered New
  Sweden in 1655
• patroons
• large land grants along Hudson
• New York
• Charles II sent 4 frigates and 1000 troops to
  take it and gave the colony to his brother the
  Duke of York
• the Duke gave his friends New Jersey

• William Penn
• Quaker founder allowed freedom of religion
• learned language of natives and dealt with them
  as equals
• PA had fewest conflicts with natives of any
  colony
• Philadelphia
• tolerance of PA and NY made them largest cities
  in colonies
• Philadelphia was 2nd largest city in British
  empire
• Germans, Dutch, French, English, Swedes

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Native Americans1607-1754

• Indian-White Relationship Cycle
• White settlers need secret of survival from
  natives
• Whites then thrive in new land
• Whites need new land for farming/mining
• Indians resist expansion
• Whites destroy/remove Indians from area
• First Anglo-Powhatan War, 1622
• Openchancanough, Pocahontas uncle
• Pequot Wars, 1637
• first major Indian-Colonist conflict in NE (CT)

• Second Anglo-Powhatan War, 1644
• Openchancanough again
• tribe forced to give up all land between York and
  James Rivers
• King Philips War, 1675
• Metacom, Wampanoag chief, led intertribal assault
  in NE
• destroyed whole towns
• only slowed western march of whites
• Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan
• kidnapped by whites in 1613 to keep peace
• baptized Rebecca and married John Rolfe in 1615
• died on return trip from England in 1617

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2
3
1
5
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Southern Colonies (5)1607-1733

• Jamestown, 1607
• Virginia Company, a joint stock venture sent 3
  ships
• starving time of 1609-1610, only 60 of 500
  survived
• by 1624, only 1277 of 6000 settlers were alive
• mosquitoes, malnutrition, typhoid, and dysentery
• John Smith ran colony under martial law
• 20 capitol crimes including not attending church
• John Rolfe introduced tobacco in 1612 and married
  Pocahontas in 1615

• Maryland Act of Toleration, 1676
• protected right of Catholics to worship in
  Maryland
• House of Burgesses, 1619
• first congress in colonies, based on Parliament
• est. tradition of representative government in
  colonies
• Carolinas
• North Carolina mostly small farms
• South Carolina raised rice for Caribbean and
  indigo
• Georgia, 1733
• penal colony as buffer to Spain

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Working Poor

• Headright System
• colonists received 50 acres for every person they
  brought to the New World
• Indentured Servitude
• poor people paid for passage to New World through
  4-7 years of labor to whomever paid the passage
• more than ½ of all immigrants in 1700s came this
  way
• at end of indentures, each worker was promised
  freedom dues
• 2/5 died during servitude
• Quitrent
• a small piece of land, clothing, tools, and seeds

• Bacons Rebellion, 1676
• Nathaniel Bacon led revolt against Gov. Berkeley
  burned Jamestown
• frontier people (Scots-Irish) closer to Indians
  and unhappy about lenient Indian policy (helped
  fur trade)
• Bacon died of dysentery and the rebellion died
  with him
• plantation owners switched from indentured
  servants to slaves
• Paxton Boys, 1764
• Scots-Irish from western PA
• marched on Philadelphia to protest Quaker Indian
  policy

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Middle Passage

• Slavery, 1619
• tobacco required lots of labor and took nutrients
  from the soil
• constant need for more land
• 10-12 million slaves brought to the New World
• thousands of Indian slaves as well
• Middle Passage
• six-week travel from African coast to slave
  houses in the West Indies
• 600 packed onto a ship that could hold 450
• death rates ran as high as 20 percent

• Slave Codes
• at first slavery was more like indentured
  servants
• more and more rules changed slavery into a
  permanent hereditary inferior position over
  decades
• 55 slave revolts from 1699 to 1845

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Mercantilism

• Mercantiism
• colonists were supposed to send raw materials to
  England
• colonies bought manufactured good from mother
  country
• England discouraged colonies from developing
  industry
• Navigation Acts, 1650s
• banned trade with other nations and their
  colonies
• Molasses Act, 1733
• first new law in fifty years
• banned trade with French colonies to promote
  trade with British

• Hat, Iron, Wool Acts
• colonists supposed to buy finished goods from
  England
• Salutory Neglect
• period of lax enforcement of Navigation Acts (up
  until 1763)
• Triangle Trade
• molassesrumslaves
• this trade cycle tied New England to the slave
  trade

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European Wars1688 - 1763

• Dominion of New England, 1686
• created by crown to make defense easier
• enforced Navigation Laws
• heavy-handed Sir Edmond Andros hated by colonists
• included all of NE at first, added NY and Jerseys
  later
• quickly disbanded after the Glorious Revolution
• Glorious Revolution, 1689
• James II replaced by his daughter Mary and her
  husband, William III, of the Netherlands
• British heritage of rebellion
• beheaded Charles I
• Ft. Louisbourg, 1745
• taken from French but given back in 1748
• British exchanged it for Madras in India
• colonists felt betrayed

• Loyal Colonies
• endangered by Indians and French in larger world
  conflicts
• derided for their cowardice and lack of
  patriotism
• not treated as equal members of empire in
  military
• Washington snubbed as colonial militia officer
• New England Confederation, 1643
• coalition of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New
  Haven, and Connecticut but not Rhode Island
• for defense against French, Dutch, and Indians
• each colony received two votes

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European Name American Name Years
War of League of Augsburg Queen Annes War 1688-1697
War of Spanish Succession King Williams War 1701-1713
War of Austrian Succession War of Jenkins Ear 1740-1748
Seven Years War French-Indian War 1756-1763
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Colonial Society1607-1750

• Education in New England
• NE towns with 50 had public school
• NE towns with 100 had to teach Latin
• Harvard was built by 1636
• students were ranked by social standing
• Education in Southern Colonies
• in South, education was done by tutors
• the poor had no schools in the 1860s
• the rich went to England for college
• Lifespan
• better balanced nutrition lengthened life
  expectancy
• NE invented grandparents

• Social Classes
• lack of hereditary aristocracy and easy access to
  land helped create a large middle class
• South more hierarchical
• Michel de Crevecoeur
• French immigrant wrote Letters from an American
  Farmer in 1760s
• social mobility and self-reliance
• America the melting pot

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Womens Rights

• New England
• female-male ratio in North was 11
• education optional
• women ran households, dairy, and gardens while
  men did fieldwork
• 8 children the average
• no birth control
• South
• female-male ratio close to 150 in South
• more control of marriage, often survived husbands
  and had rights as widows

• Legal Rights
• had no inheritance except through husband
• widows had more rights than other women
• married women could not sign contracts, own
  property, or vote
• Work
• few occupations outside the home were available
• maid, midwife