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Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction Section 1 What are
Psychological Disorders? Section 2 Anxiety
Disorders Section 3 Somatoform and Dissociative
Disorders Section 4 Schizophrenia and Mood
Disorders Section 5 Personality Disorders and
Drug Addiction
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Chapter Preview 1
Chapter Objectives Section 1
What are Psychological Disorders?
Explore how psychologists draw the line between
normal and abnormal behavior by looking at
deviance, adjustment, and psychological health.
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Chapter Preview 2
Chapter Objectives Section 2
Anxiety Disorders
Describe how anxiety disorders are marked by
excessive fear, caution, and attempts to avoid
anxiety.
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Chapter Preview 3
Chapter Objectives Section 3
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Explain how dealing with anxiety and stress can
bring about somatoform and dissociative disorders
in some people.
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Chapter Preview 4
Chapter Objectives Section 4
Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders
Explain how schizophrenia involves confused and
disordered thoughts, and mood disorders involve
disturbances in the experience and expressions of
depression.
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Chapter Preview 5
Chapter Objectives Section 5
Personality Disorders and Drug Addiction
Determine how personality disorders and drug
addiction prohibit normal relationships and
normal functioning.
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Chapter Preview-End
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Section 1-Main Idea
Main Idea
Psychologists draw the line between normal and
abnormal behavior in practice by looking at
various attempts to define abnormal behavior,
adjustments, and psychological health.
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Section 1-Key Terms
Vocabulary

• DSM-IV

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Section 1-Objectives
Objectives

• Define psychological disorder.

• Distinguish between the concepts of normality and
  abnormality.

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Section 1-Polling Question
Do you think nose piercing is normal or
abnormal? A. Normal B. Abnormal C. Not sure

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 1
Defining and Identifying Psychological Disorders

• Considerations

• Some people only appear normal.
• The cultural context of behavior must be taken
  into consideration.

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Section 1
Defining and Identifying Psychological Disorders
(cont.)

• Deviation definitions

• Normalwhatever most people do.
• Abnormalany deviation from the average or from
  the majority.

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Section 1
Defining and Identifying Psychological Disorders
(cont.)

• Adjustment definitions

• Normalpeople who are able to get along in the
  worldphysically, emotionally, and socially.
• Abnormalpeople who fail to adjust.

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Section 1
Defining and Identifying Psychological Disorders
(cont.)

• Psychological health definitions

• Normalpeople who function ideally or who are at
  least striving toward ideal functioning (also
  called self actualization).
• Abnormalpeople who are mentally ill.

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Section 1
Defining and Identifying Psychological Disorders
(cont.)

• Since definitions of abnormality are somewhat
  arbitrary, some theorists have concluded that
  labeling a person as mentally ill simply because
  his or her behavior is odd is a mistake as well
  as cruel and irresponsible.

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Section 1
Which area does a person have to adjust to be
considered normal? A. Physical B. Emotional C. Soc
ial D. All of the above

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1
The Problem of Classification

• In 1952 the American Psychiatric Association
  agreed upon a system for classifying abnormal
  symptoms, which it published in the Diagnostic
  and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or
  DSM.

• It has been revised five times.

Abraham Maslow
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Section 1
The Problem of Classification (cont.)

• Within each diagnostic category of the DSM-IV,
  the following descriptions are included

• Essential featurescharacteristics that define
  disorder.
• Associated featuresadditional features that are
  usually present.
• Information on differential diagnosishow to
  distinguish one disorder from another disorders.
• Diagnostic criteriaa list of symptoms that must
  be present for the patient to be given a
  particular diagnosis.

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Section 1
The Problem of Classification (cont.)

• Five axes are used to describe a persons mental
  functioning

• Axis Iused to classify current symptoms into
  explicitly defined categories.
• Axis IIused to describe developmental disorders
  and long-standing personality disorders or
  maladaptive traits.

DSM-IVMajor Psychological Disorders of Axis I
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Section 1
The Problem of Classification (cont.)

• Axis IIIused to describe physical disorders or
  general medical conditions that are potentially
  relevant to understanding or caring for the
  person.

• Axis IVused to measure the current stress level
  at which the person is functioning.
• Axis Vused to describe the highest level of
  adaptive functioning present within the past year.

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Section 1
The Problem of Classification (cont.)

• Three major areas of adaptive functioning

• Social relations
• Occupational functioning
• Use of leisure time

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Section 1
Which disorder is associated with anorexia and
bulimia? A. Eating disorder B. Sleep
disorder C. Anxiety disorder D. Mood disorder

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1-End
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Section 2-Main Idea
Main Idea
Anxiety disorders are marked by excessive fear,
caution, and attempts to avoid anxiety.
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Section 2-Key Terms
Vocabulary

• anxiety
• phobia
• panic disorder
• post-traumatic stress disorder

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Section 2-Objectives
Objectives

• Identify the behavioral pattern that
  psychologists label as anxiety disorders.

• Explain what causes anxiety disorders.

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Section 2-Polling Question
Do you get anxious before taking a test or
speaking in a crowd? A. Yes B. No

1. A
2. B

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Section 2
Generalized Anxiety Disorders

• Anxiety disorders are the most common type of
  illness in the United States.

• Some people experience a continuous, generalized
  anxiety, causing emotional and physical symptoms.

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Section 2
What are some physical symptoms of
anxiety? A. Muscular tension B. Furrowed
brow C. Strained face D. All of the above

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2
Phobic Disorder

• Phobia

• A specific phobia can focus on almost anything.
• A social phobia involves fear of public
  embarrassment.

Phobias
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Section 2
Phobic Disorder (cont.)

• Phobias range from mild to severe.

• Most people avoid the situation that they fear.

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Section 2
What is the fear of water called? A. Acrophobia
B. Agoraphobia C. Felinophobia D. Hydrophobia

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2
Panic Disorder

• Panic disorder

• Panic is a feeling of sudden, helpless terror.

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Section 2
When do people usually suffer from a panic
attack? A. After a stressful event B. Before a
stressful event C. When sleeping D. When they
first wake up

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Obsessionan uncontrollable pattern of thought.

• Compulsionrepeatedly performed coping behaviors.
• Some people experience both of these together, a
  condition called obsessive-compulsive disorder.

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Section 2
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (cont.)

• Possible causes

• These obsessions may serve as diversions from a
  persons real fears and their origins and thus
  may reduce anxiety.
• Compulsions provide a disturbed person with the
  evidence that he is at least doing something well.

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Section 2
What is a possible cause of obsessive-compulsive
disorder? A. Its a diversion from persons real
fear B. Gives a person a sense they are
at least doing some- thing well C. All of the
above

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 2
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

• Post-traumatic stress disorderdisorder in which
  victims of traumatic events experience the
  original event in the form of dreams or
  flashbacks.

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Section 2
What can cause a person to suffer from
post-traumatic stress disorder? A. Surviving
military combat B. Being assaulted C. Surviving
a natural disaster D. All of the above

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2-End
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Section 3-Main Idea
Main Idea
The inability to deal with anxiety and stress can
lead to somatoform and dissociative disorders.
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Section 3-Key Terms
Vocabulary

• somatoform disorder
• conversion disorder
• dissociative disorder
• dissociative amnesia
• dissociative fugue
• dissociative identity disorder

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Section 3-Objectives
Objectives

• Identify the behavioral patterns that
  psychologists label as somatoform disorders.

• Describe the symptoms of dissociative disorders.

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Section 3-Polling Question
Do you believe that people can imagine symptoms
that do not exist? A. Yes B. No C. Not sure

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 3
Somatoform Disorders

• Somatoform disorders, or hysteriaa condition in
  which there are physical symptoms with no
  apparent physical causes.

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Section 3
Somatoform Disorders (cont.)

• Two common somatoform disorders

• Conversion disorder
• Hypochondriasis

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Section 3
Which is a type of somatoform? A. Hypochondriasis
B. Insomnia C. Anorexia D. Alzheimers

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 3
Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociate disorder

• Dissociative amnesia
• Dissociate fugue
• Dissociate identity disorder

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Section 3
What is the inability to recall important
personal events or information? A. Dissociative
amnesia B. Dissociative fugue C. Dissociative
identity disorder D. None of the above

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 3-End
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Section 4-Main Idea
Main Idea
Schizophrenia involves disordered thoughts. Mood
disorders involve disturbances in the experience
and expressions of depression.
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Section 4-Key Terms
Vocabulary

• schizophrenia
• delusions
• hallucinations
• major depressive disorder
• bipolar disorder

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Section 4-Objectives
Objectives

• Describe the disorder of schizophrenia.

• Describe several theories that try to explain
  mood disorders.

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Section 4-Polling Question
Do you ever have a hard time organizing your
thoughts? A. Yes B. No C. Sometimes

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 4
What Is Schizophrenia?

• Schizophrenia

• This problem is one of cognition, emotion,
  perception, and motor functions.

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Section 4
What Is Schizophrenia? (cont.)

• Many people with schizophrenia also experience

• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Incoherence

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Section 4
What Is Schizophrenia? (cont.)

• Disturbances of affect

• Deterioration in normal movement
• Marked decline in previous levels of functioning
• Diverted attention

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Section 4
Which of the following describes emotions that
are inappropriate for the circumstances?
A. Diverted attention B. Delusions C. Hallucinat
ions D. Disturbances of affect

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 4
Types of Schizophrenia

• Subtypes of schizophrenia

• Paranoidthey experience delusions of grandeur or
  persecution.
• Catatonicthey may remain motionless for long
  periods.
• Disorganizedsymptoms such as incoherent
  language, inappropriate emotions, and
  disorganized motor behavior.

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Section 4
Types of Schizophrenia (cont.)

• Remissionthis is applied to anyone whose
  symptoms are completely gone.

• Undifferentiatedthe basic symptoms.

• Recovery from schizophrenia is possible, but no
  real cure exists.

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Section 4
Which type of schizophrenia experience delusions
of grandeur or persecution? A. Paranoid
B. Catatonic C. Remission D. Disorganized

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 4
Causes of Schizophrenia

• Biological influencesthis disorder is likely
  caused by a combination of genetic, epigenetic,
  and environmental factors.

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Section 4
Causes of Schizophrenia (cont.)

• Biochemistry and physiology theories

• Dopamine hypothesisan excess of dopamine at
  selected synapses is related to a diagnosis of
  schizophrenia.
• People with schizophrenia usually show signs of
  deteriorated brain tissue.

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Section 4
Causes of Schizophrenia (cont.)

• Bad experiences during childhood are not enough
  to lead to this disorder, but being part of a
  pathogenic, or unhealthful, family may contribute
  to problems in adult years.

• The diathesis-stress hypothesisan individual may
  have inherited a predisposition toward
  schizophrenia.

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Section 4
Which influence do you think is more likely to
cause schizophrenia? A. Genetics B. Environment
C. Biochemical D. None of the above

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 4
Mood Disorders

• Major Depressive Disorder

• This disorder is marked by at least four of the
  following symptoms

• Problems with eating, sleeping, thinking,
  concentrating, or decision-making.
• Lacking energy.
• Thinking about suicide.
• Feeling worthless or guilty.

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Section 4
Mood Disorders (cont.)

• Bipolar disorder

• Manic phasethe person has experiences such as
  elation, extreme confusion, distractibility, and
  racing thoughts.
• Depressive phasethe person experiences feelings
  such as failure, sinfulness, worthlessness, and
  despair.
• They may also have intervals of normal behavior.

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Section 4
Mood Disorders (cont.)

• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)deep depression
  in the midst of winter.

• An increase in the hormone melatonin may play a
  role.

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Section 4
Mood Disorders (cont.)

• Psychological factors underlying mood disorders

• Certain personality traits.
• Amount of social support.
• Ability to deal with stressful situations.

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Section 4
Mood Disorders (cont.)

• Biological factors also play a role in mood
  disorders.

• Genetic factors and faulty brain structure and
  function are possible causes too.

Suicide Rates
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Section 4
Mood Disorders (cont.)

• People with mood disorders may commit suicide for
  a number of reasons

• To escape from physical or emotional pain.
• An effort to end the torment of unacceptable
  feelings.
• To punish themselves for wrongs they think they
  think they have committed.
• To punish others who have not perceived their
  needs.

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Section 4
Which is a deep depression in the midst of
winter? A. Bipolar disorder B. Seasonal
Affective Disorder C. Major depressive
disorder D. None of the above

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 4-End
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Section 5-Main Idea
Main Idea
Personality disorders and drug addiction prohibit
normal relationships and normal functioning.
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Section 5-Key Terms
Vocabulary

• personality disorders
• antisocial personality
• psychological dependence
• addiction
• tolerance
• withdrawal

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Section 5-Objectives
Objectives

• Describe how personality disorders differ from
  other psychological disorders.

• Explain how drug abuse is a psychological problem.

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Section 5-Polling Question
Do you think alcohol changes someones
personality? A. Yes B. No C. Sometimes D. Not sure

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 5
Personality Disorders

• Personality disorders

• Antisocial personalities

• Seeking thrills is their major occupation.
• They are not phased by punishment.
• Most of these people are conniving.

Types of Personality Disorders
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Section 5
Personality Disorders (cont.)

• Possible reasons for this disorder

• Antisocial parents
• Lack of discipline as a child
• Dysfunctional nervous system
• Genetics

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Section 5
Which personality disorder displays pattern of
disregarding and violating the rights of others
without feeling remorse? A. Antisocial
B. Dependent C. Histronic D. Paranoid

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 5
Drug Addiction

• Abuse of drugs involves psychological
  dependenceuse of a drug to such an extent that a
  person feels nervous and anxious without it.

• Drugs can also lead to physiological addictiona
  pattern of drug abuse characterized by an
  overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and
  use the drug.

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Section 5
Drug Addiction (cont.)

• Addiction causes a physical need, and the person
  may develop a tolerance and can lead to
  withdrawal when use is stopped.

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Section 5
Drug Addiction (cont.)

• The countrys most serious drug problem is
  alcoholism.

• Alcohol can produce psychological dependence,
  tolerance, and physiological dependence.
• Alcoholism may develop from both environmental
  and genetic factors

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Section 5
Drug Addiction (cont.)

• The four stages of a Disease Model of Alcoholism

• Stage Ithe individual drinks and relaxation
  encourages more drinking.
• Stage IIsecret drinking occurs, with blackouts
  and no memory of drinking.
• Stage IIIrationalization to justify the
  drinking.
• Stage IVimpaired thinking and compulsive
  drinking.

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Section 5
Drug Addiction (cont.)

• This model is no longer favored, however.

• Those supporting the Adaptive Model suggest that
  choosing to drink is a voluntary process
  influenced by alcoholism as a response to
  individual psychological and environmental
  factors.

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Section 5
Drug Addiction (cont.)

• The first step in treating an alcoholic is to
  help her through the violent withdrawal, called
  delirium tremens, and then to try to make her
  healthier.

• Treatments may range from drugs, such as
  Antabuse, to psychotherapy.

Effects of Alcohol Use
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Section 5
How many deaths in America every year can be
blamed on alcohol abuse? A. 30,000
B. 50,000 C. 65,000 D. 75,000

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 5-End
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Figure 1
DSM-IVMajor Psychological Disorders of Axis
I Individual cases of psychological disorders are
diagnosed on the five axes of the DSM-IV. Axis I
classifies symptoms into categories.
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Figure 2
Phobias Some peoples lives are consumed by
inappropriate fears. These fears interfere with
normal, everyday life. These people are suffering
from a phobia.
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Figure 3
Suicide Rates Suicide rates vary according to age
and gender.
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Figure 4
Types of Personality Disorders An individual with
a personality disorder displays an inflexible,
longstanding, and maladaptive way of dealing with
the environment and other people.
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Figure 5
Effects of Alcohol Use As a person consumes more
and more alcohol, psychological and physiological
functions begin to shut down, as shown in these
handwriting samples.
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Profile
Abraham Maslow19081970 Human life will never
be understood unless its highest aspirations are
taken into account.
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Concept Trans Menu
Chapter Concepts Transparencies
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Normal Behavior or
Not?
Select a transparency to view.
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Concept Trans 1
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Concept Trans 2
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DFS Trans 1
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DFS Trans 2
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DFS Trans 3
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DFS Trans 4
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DFS Trans 5
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Vocab1
DSM-IV the fifth version of the American
Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Vocab2
anxiety a vague, generalized apprehension or
feeling that one is in danger
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Vocab3
phobia an intense and irrational fear of a
particular object or situation
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Vocab4
panic disorder an extreme anxiety that manifests
itself in the form of panic attacks
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Vocab5
post-traumatic stress disorder disorder in which
victims of traumatic events experience the
original event in the form of dreams or flashbacks
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Vocab6
somatoform disorder a condition in which there
is no apparent physical cause
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Vocab7
conversion disorder changing emotional
difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary
body function
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Vocab8
dissociative disorder a disorder in which a
person experiences alterations in memory,
identity, or consciousness
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Vocab9
dissociative amnesia the inability to recall
important personal events or information is
usually associated with stressful events
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Vocab10
dissociative fugue a dissociative disorder in
which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels
away from home or work and is unable to recall
the past
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Vocab11
dissociative identity disorder a person exhibits
two or more personality states, each with its own
patterns of thinking and behaving
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Vocab12
schizophrenia a group of disorders characterized
by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions,
and perceptions
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Vocab13
delusions false beliefs that a person maintains
in the face of contrary evidence
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Vocab14
hallucinations perceptions that have no direct
external cause
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Vocab15
major depressive disorder severe form of lowered
mood in which a person experiences feelings of
worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest
in many activities
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Vocab16
bipolar disorder disorder in which an individual
alternates between feelings of mania (euphoria)
and depression
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Vocab17
personality disorders maladaptive or inflexible
ways of dealing with others and ones environment
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Vocab18
antisocial personality a personality disorder
characterized by irresponsibility, shallow
emotions, and lack of conscience
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Vocab19
psychological dependence use of a drug to such
an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious
without it
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Vocab20
addiction a pattern of drug abuse characterized
by an overwhelming and compulsive desire to
obtain and use the drug
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Vocab21
tolerance physical adaptation to a drug so that
a person needs an increased amount in order to
produce the original effect
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Vocab22
withdrawal the symptoms that occur after a
person discontinues the use of a drug to which he
or she has become addicted
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