Psychological Therapies

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Psychological Therapies
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Psychotherapy

• An interaction between a trained therapist and
  someone seeking to overcome psychological
  difficulties or achieve personal growth.

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Eclectic Approach

• Form of therapy where the therapist combines
  techniques from different forms of therapy. Kind
  of like a smorgasbord.

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Psychoanalysis

• Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique.

• Uses free association, hypnosis and dream
  interpretation to gain insight into the clients
  unconscious.

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Psychoanalytic Methods

• Psychotherapists use their techniques to overcome
  resistance (the blocking from consciousness of
  anxiety-laden material).

• The psychoanalysts goal is for you to become
  aware of the resistance and together interpret
  its underlying meaning to gain self-insight.

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Transference

• In psychoanalysis, the patient transfers to the
  analyst emotions linked with other relationships.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vb02H0dW2xf8

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Alternative Therapies

• Seasonal Affective Disorder is depression
  experienced during the winter months.
• Based not on temperature, but on amount of
  sunlight.
• Treated with light therapy.

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Humanistic Therapy

• Focuses of peoples potential for
  self-fulfillment (self-actualization).
• Focuses on the present and future.
• Focuses on conscious thoughts (not unconscious
  ones).
• Take responsibility for you actions.

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Client (Person) Centered Therapy

• Developed by Carl Rogers.
• Therapist should use genuineness, acceptance and
  empathy to show unconditional positive regard
  towards their clients.
• Most widely used Humanistic technique.

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Active Listening

• Central to Rogers client-centered therapy.
• Empathetic listening where the therapist echoes,
  restates and clarifies the clients thoughts and
  feelings.

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Behavior Therapies

• The goal of this type of therapy is to apply
  learning principles to the elimination of
  unwanted behaviors.

• The behaviors are the problems - so we must
  change the behaviors.

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Classical Conditioning Techniques

• Counterconditioning
• A behavioral therapy that conditions new
  responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted
  behaviors.

Two Types Exposure Therapies Aversive
Conditioning
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1. Exposure Therapies

• Systematic desensitization - type of
  counterconditioning that associates a pleasant
  relaxed state with gradually increasing,
  anxiety-triggering stimuli. (i.e. phobias)

How would I use systematic desensitization to
reduce my fear of old women?
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Systematic Desensitization uses

• progressive relaxation versus

Flooding which
exposes you to an anxiety-provoking situation at
the highest level of fear all at once.
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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Scientific American Frontiers Virtual Fear
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2. Aversive Conditioning

• A type of counterconditioning that associates an
  unpleasant state (nausea) with an unwanted
  behavior (alcoholism).

Example putting peppers on a nail biters
fingernails.
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Aversive Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning

• Token Economy an operant conditioning procedure
  that rewards a desired behavior.

A patient exchanges a token of some sort (earned
for exhibiting the desired behavior) for various
privileges or treats.
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Cognitive Therapy
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Cognitive Therapy

• Cognitive therapists try to teach people new,
  more constructive ways of thinking.

Is .300 a good or bad batting average?
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Cognitive Therapy
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

• Integrative therapy that combines changing
  self-defeating thinking with changing
  inappropriate behaviors.

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Cognitive Therapy - Does It Work?
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Group Family Therapies(i.e. Alcoholics
Anonymous, etc.)
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Group Therapy

• Advantages help more people in less time less
  expensive and you can discover that others have
  problems similar to yours.

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Family Therapy

• Views and in individuals unwanted behaviors as
  influenced by or directed at other family
  members.
• Attempts to guide the family toward positive
  relationships.

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Biomedical Therapies
Therapies aimed at changing the brains
functioning with prescribed drugs,
electroconvulsive therapy, or surgery.
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Psychopharmacology

• The study of the effects of drugs on mind and
  behavior.

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Drugs and Hospitalization
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Emptying of Mental Hospitals
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Testing New Drugs

• When a new drug is released there is always too
  much enthusiasm.

• Must use a double-blind procedure to combat
  placebo and experimental effects.

Types of drugs include
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Antipsychotic Drugs

• Medicines used to treat psychosis - typically in
  schizophrenia and bipolar patients.
• Thorazine - although effective often has powerful
  side effects (blocks the activity of dopamine).
• Tardive dyskinesia neurotoxic effect involving
  involuntary movements of the facial muscles,
  tongue, and limbs.

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Antianxiety Drugs

• Includes drugs like Valium, Librium and Xanax.
• Used to treat people undergoing significant
  stress or anxiety disorders.
• Most widely abused prescription drugs.

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Antidepressant Drugs

• Lift you up out of depression.
• Most increase the availability of norepinephrine
  or serotonin.
• Prozac, Paxil Zoloft are known as SSRIs
  (selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors) and
  block serotonin reuptake.
• Lithium is an effective mood stabilizer used by
  those with bipolar disorder.

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Prozac, Paxil Zoloft
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

• Therapy for major depression in which a brief
  electric current is sent through the brain of a
  patient causing a mild seizure.
• Usually produces temporary memory loss.
• But has been very effective of temporarily
  ridding people of suicidal thoughts.

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Alternative to ECT

• Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
  (rTMS).
• Application of magnetic energy to the brain.
• Doesnt produce seizures or memory loss.
• Still waiting for conclusive data.

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Psychosurgery

• Egas Moniz developed the lobotomy in the 1930s
  and it became very popular in the 40s and 50s.
• Surgery that removes or destroys frontal lobe
  brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
• Ice pick like instrument through the eye sockets
  cutting the links between the frontal lobes and
  the emotional control centers.

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Lobotomy