Section I: Early Civilizations of the Americas (Pages 198 - 205 )

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Section I Early Civilizations of the Americas
(Pages 198 - 205 )

• This section is about
• The geography and the climate of the area known
  today as Latin America and how these influenced
  the development of early civilizations there.
• Several significant early civilizations of the
  region, including the Olmecs, Mayas, and Aztecs.

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• Before we start this new chapter
• Look at pages 198-199.
• Lets preview whats in this chapter.
• Lets check out the picture.
• And, lets read page 198 (from a Primary source).
• On the time line we go back in history for a
  while.

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Early civilizations lived in all parts of the
Americas (North, Central, and South)
Central America also includes Latin America
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Why is this called Latin America?

• Most of the people in this area today speak a
  form of Spanish, Portuguese and/or French (all
  come from Latin).
• These areas at one time were all annexed (added)
  to land controlled by European countries.

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The Geography of Latin America

• Plains.
• Mountains the Sierra Madres and the Andes.
• Rain Forests in the Amazon are the largest in
  the world.
• Highland Plateaus good for farming/grazing
• Parts can get real hot and humid and some very
  cold.

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The First Americans

• Probably came across the ice covered (at the
  time) Bering Straits.
• Best guess right now 13,000 years ago?

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Just like everywhere else

• The early peoples stopped being nomads and slowly
  settled in groups, starting communities that
  ended up growing into complex societies.
• About 2500 BC these people started successfully
  planting maize (corn) a GREAT food.

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Corn uses today
Foods containing corn
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The Olmecs and the Zapotecs(are the oldest
civilizations in the Americas)

• The Olmec People
• (1200 BC)
• Lived near the Gulf of Mexico.
• Were fishermen and farmers.
• Known for games they played (with rubber balls
  from the rubber trees), gigantic carved stone
  heads, and a calendar.

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• The Zapotec People
• (500 BC)
• Developed a writing system.
• Huge cities (125,000) with stone buildings,
  plazas, and ceremonial pyramids.
• Teotihuacan.
• People lived in stone apartments and would travel
  to farm outside the city each day.
• Others craft workers, artisans, builders,
  merchants, and warriors.
• Priests and rulers were in charge.

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The Maya (300-900 AD) Lived in todays
Guatemala, Belize, and the Yucatan Peninsula

• Most were peasants, laborers and farmers also
  played sports (even a game like basketball)
• Had many city-states which were linked and worked
  together.
• Wealthy Mayas owned slaves.
• Priests were important (with their daily
  ceremonial pyramids for the Gods).
• This included human sacrifices.
• Most accurate calendar in the world (based off
  the sun), first to understand the idea of a zero.
• Developed writing using glyphs (pictures or
  symbols that represent words or ideas).

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The Toltecs (950-1200 AD)

• Lived north of where Mexico City is today in
  their capital of Tula (mining and trading).
• Worshipped Quetzacoatl (a feathered serpent who
  symbolized a union of Earth and sky).
• The civilization ended with a great fire around
  1200 AD.
• They always believed Quetzacoatl would return
  someday.

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The Aztecs moved into the same area as the
Toltecs (about 1200)

• During the 1400s, they began invading the
  peoples around them and forced them to pay
  tribute with maize, tobacco, gold, and precious
  stones.
• They also took POWs (who became slaves).
• Most became human sacrifices (Aztecs believed it
  was an honor for them and their families).
• Lots of swampland, so they came up with chinampas
  (rafts filled with soil).
• Boys went to school (to train for war). Girls
  were taught by their moms (to be weavers or
  priestesses).

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Its time to be an archeologist (page B)
This is your farm. Youre digging around. You
find this. Tell me about it.
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This is the last slide for today
Make sure page "A" is completed
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Section II Peru and the Incan Empire(Pages 206
- 211)

• This section is about
• The early Peruvians and the rich, complex culture
  of the Incan Empire.
• Elements of the culture of the Incan Empire, such
  as the strong system of government, the arts, and
  architecture.

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• Lets start by reading whats at the end and
  what we are expected to find out.
• Page 211 Review History, Critical Thinking, and
  Write About Government.
• We should probably also look at the pictures on
  206-211.

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This section is about South America (Peru
today)and the early Native Americans who lived
there.

• The Chavin People
• Lived here about 900-200 BC.
• Built stone temples with carvings of gods and
  other images (jaguars, serpents, caiman).
• By the coasts, they were among the first to build
  with adobe (sun-dried clay bricks).
• It took about 50,000,000 of these bricks to build
  a temple.

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After the Chavin, the Moche moved to the area
(200-100 BC)
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• They controlled a lot of land, but didnt have
  huge cities.
• They were skilled engineers building roads,
  canals, and irrigation systems.
• Theyve left very little of their culture behind
  (except some of their buildings).
• By 900, they were gone.
• No one really knows why
• Earthquakes, droughts, floods?

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The Incas are the main group we know about from
this area.

• We dont know much about the early Incas and how
  they started (about 1200 AD?).
• They controlled the Andes Mountain Valley.
• Their first great leader (Pachacuti Earth
  Shaker) built the capital city of Cuzco and
  expanded the empire.

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The main Incan place most people know about
Machu Picchu
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The City of Cuzco

• Designed in the shape of a Puma (mountain lion)
  which was sacred to the Incas.
• Had a fortress/temple at the head.
• Houses and palaces were built along the body.
• Four highways met in the central plaza.
• The Incas were great builders for buildings ,
  palaces, and roads.
• All Incas were expected to help build.

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Inca Messages
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• were easy to send, because they had great roads
  and a postal system.
• Runners would travel the roads each going 3
  miles to the next rest stop and the next runner.
• Messages could travel 150 miles in a day this way
  (thats a lot).
• Incas didnt use writing, so the runners had to
  remember the messages.
• They also used a quipu (strings that kept track
  of numbers).
• Government officials would use quipus for
  recordkeeping.

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The Later Incan Emperors

• Tapa Inca tried to expand the empire.
• By 1400, it covered the entire length of the
  Andes Mts.
• The last of the Inca emperors was Atahualpa
  (thats when the Spanish showed up).

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Incan Government

• Was a hereditary monarchy.
• The empire was divided into 4 sections each
  with its own governor.
• These governors were all part of the Inca
  emperors extended family.
• Other government jobs went to people who were
  loyal to them.
• When they conquered people, they made them into
  slaves or used them for sacrifices.

• King, whos son is next to rule

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Inca religion was polytheistic

• What?????

• Many Gods

• Main God Viracocha (the creator).
• Others controlled thunder, the Earth, the sea,
  and the moon.
• The Sun God was their special protector.
• People were ordered to build temples to the gods.
• They also believed spirits lived throughout
  nature (Japanese Shinto).
• They developed a calendar to keep track of
  festivals important to the farming year (planting
  and harvesting).

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The Incas did have social classes

• The top the ruling and noble families (only
  about 200 of these pure Incas).
• Next the adopted Incas nobles from lands the
  Incas conquered
• Next Nobles from far away lands they controlled
  but didnt care much about.
• Last ordinary people.
• You could not usually change who you were
  unless you did something extreme (great courage,
  or the best servant/slave in town).
• Do we have social classes anywhere today?

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Incan Families

• Families were organized into groups.
• No taxes, but people were expected to work in
  exchange for government services.
• The government did give feasts on holidays.
• The government controlled most peoples lives.
• People even had travel restrictions and a dress
  code (you had to wear clothing that connected
  you to where you were born).

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Inca Farming

• Each family belonged to a larger group called an
  allyu.
• They owned the land together and worked together.
• The leader of each allyu made sure government
  orders were followed, and decided what each
  persons job should be.

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Inca Farms

• Corn.
• Squash.
• Tomatoes.
• Peanuts.
• Cotton.
• Potatoes (200 kinds great in the mountains).
• Llamas and alpacas for wool.
• Boys learned from dads (farming or a trade).
• Girls learned from moms (weaving and cooking).
• Most didnt like what they did, but they knew it
  would make the empire stronger, which would help
  them out.

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This is the last slide for today
Make sure page "C" is completed
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Section III North American Groups (Pages 212
- 217)

• This section is about
• How the varied climates and environments of North
  America influenced the development of distinct
  regional cultures in the western and eastern
  regions.

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• There were many different kinds of Native
  Americans.
• Our book splits them up into Western and Eastern
  groups.
• Page 213 of your book splits them up a little
  differently.
• Others split them up several ways, but the
  important thing to remember is in the Main Ideas
  on page 212 (A).

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The Native Americans in North America were a lot
different than those in Central and South America.

• No unified empires, no cities, and no palaces.
• They hunted, gathered, farmed, and traded with
  each other.
• Had a wide variety of cultures, languages, styles
  of dress and architecture, and beliefs.
• The big thing is they didnt try to control
  their environment they adapted to it (adjusted).

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Most of North America gets enough rain good for
farming and supporting animals
Also has a great system of rivers (Ohio /
Mississippi / Missouri) for travel and trade
Thick forests, hilly, and rocky with four
distinct seasons
Forests, cool, with a long rainy season
Dry and Hot
Warm and humid
Flat and covered with grass (few trees) with cold
winters and hot summers
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Western Native AmericansThe Aleuts, Yupiks, and
Inuits

• Lived in todays northern Canada and Alaska.
• Hunted seals, walruses, whales, polar bears,
  caribou, foxes (too cold to farm).
• Used furs for clothing and blankets.
• Tools, weapons, tents and boats (kayaks) from
  animal parts.

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Northwest Native Americans

• Easier life than up north.
• Rivers and oceans full of fish and forests full
  of food.
• Traded a lot.
• Had a ceremony called a potlach the host would
  claim certain rights (like possessions of a dead
  relative), the guests would act as witnesses, the
  host would give them a huge feast (and give them
  costly gifts).

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The Anasazi

• Settled near the four corners.
• Were able to grow some food, but produced a lot
  of pottery, baskets, and cloth.
• Lived in pueblos (adobe brick homes) that were
  temperature controlled.
• They look a lot like some modern apartment
  buildings
• Mesa Verde is one of their more famous
  settlements.
• They moved near the Rio Grande in 1300 AD their
  descendants are the Pueblos.

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The Pueblos
Kachina Dance

• Not really one people more of a group of Native
  Americans that shared many of the same
  characteristics.
• Religion is based on praying for a good harvest
  (in dry area).
• Kachinas (ancestor spirits) return to the earth
  as plants, animals, or people who have power to
  heal the sick and bring rain.
• Farming got easier after they moved near the Rio
  Grande.
• Pueblos today are well-known for their pottery
  skills.

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Navajos / Apaches

• Navajo means large planted field.
• About 1000 years ago, their ancestors came from
  Canada and split into the 2 groups.
• They settled where the Anasazi had left (from the
  Four Corners to Texas).
• Growing food was tough, so they mostly hunted
  (buffalo, deer, and rabbit).
• Nothing was ever wasted.
• This wasnt always enough to survive, so they
  often raided other people stealing food,
  livestock, and supplies.
• For Apaches courage and bravery in making a
  raid was highly valued.

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Eastern Native AmericansThe Mound Builders

• From the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys
  (starting about 300 years ago).
• Each time someone was buried (usually a leader),
  they added them to the mound.
• Two kinds temple mounds and burial mounds - all
  different sizes and shapes.
• The Mississippian people built temple mounds.
  Some are even a pyramid shape.
• These people disappeared about the 1600s
  either crop failures or wars.

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The Iroquois (and the Hurons)

• Lived where New York is now and didnt always
  get along.
• Lived according to the seasons spring planting
  / fall harvesting (and settling yearly disputes).
• It got cold in winter so they built longhouses
  with many families living in each.
• All people worked to provide food fishing,
  gathering, hunting, and farming.
• Family groups cooperated, but they argued so much
  among different tribes, they formed a group to
  settle disputes (The Iroquois Confederacy).

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The Iroquois Confederacy

• Hiawatha (Iroquois) and Dekanawidah (Huron)
  wanted to bring peace to their people.
• They formed a group made up of the 5 Iroquois
  Nations who all shared the same language and
  traditions. (Mohawks/Senecas/Onondagas/Oneids/Cuya
  gas)
• Each nation had its own council headed by a
  chief called a sachem.
• Their most important duty was to maintain peace
  between the 5 tribes.
• All decisions were to based on the welfare of the
  people.

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This is the last slide for today
Make sure page "E" is completed
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