AIM: How did the Geography of Africa influence the development of civilization?

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AIM How did the Geography of Africa influence
the development of civilization?

• DO NOW PG 380 VOCAB

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List 3 Geographical Features of Africa
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The Geography of Africa
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A Satellite View
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Africas Size
4 6 0 0 M I L E S
5000 MILES

• Second largest continent ? 11,700,000 sq. mi.
• 10 of the worlds population.
• 2 ½ times the size of the U. S.

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Mediterranean Sea
Bodies Of Water
Red Sea
Nile River
Niger River
L. Chad--gt
lt--Gulf of Aden
L. Albert--gt
Congo River
L. Victoria
Indian Ocean
L. Tanganyika-gt
Atlantic Ocean
Zambezi River
Limpopo River
Orange River
Pacific Ocean
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The Mighty Nile RiverLongest River in the
World
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The Congo River Basin

• Covers 12 of thecontinent.
• Extends over 9countries.
• 2,720 miles long.
• 99 of the countryof Zaire is in theCongo River
  basin.

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The Niger River Basin

• Covers 7.5 of the continent.
• Extends over 10 countries.
• 2,600 miles long.

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Hydroelectric Power
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Atlas Mts.
Mountains Peaks
? Mt. Kenya
? Mt. Kilimanjaro
Ruwenzori Mts.
Drajensburg Mts.
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The African Plateau
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Libyan Desert
Deserts
Sahara Desert
Sahel
Namib Desert
Kalahari Desert
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The Sahara Desert
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Desertification
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The Sahel
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Valleys Plains
Great Rift Valley
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Great Rift Valley
3,000 miles long
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Seismic Activity in Africa
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Tropic of Cancer 20 N
AfricaTheTropicalContinent
Equator 0
Tropic of Capricorn20 S
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African Trade Winds
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West Africa Home of our Hurricanes
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Vegetation Zones
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The African Savannah13 million sq. mi.
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African Rain Forest

• Annual rainfall of up to 17 ft.
• Rapid decomposition (very humid).
• Covers 37 countries.
• 15 of the land surface of Africa.

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Mediterranean Sea
Atlas Mts.
Libyan Desert
The Complete Topography Of AFRICA
Tropic of Cancer 20 N
Red Sea
Sahara Desert
Nile River
Sahel
Niger River
L. Chad--gt
Great Rift Valley
lt--Gulf of Aden
L. Albert--gt
? Mt. Kenya
Equator 0
Congo River
L. Victoria
? Mt. Kilimanjaro
Indian Ocean
L. Tanganyika-gt
Ruwenzori Mts.
Atlantic Ocean
Zambezi River
Namib Desert
Kalahari Desert
Limpopo River
Tropic of Capricorn20 S
Orange River
Drajensburg Mts.
Pacific Ocean
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Natural Resources
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Activity

• Using pg 381 List the main rivers, mountains and
  deserts
• Graphic Organizer on the way of life in Africa

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Exit

• Answer the AIM How did the geography of Africa
  influence the development of civilization?

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AIM What shaped daily life in Africa?

• DO NOW If you had to describe life in the USA to
  an outsider, how would you do it?

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African Society

• African Society
• Urban life
• Village Life
• Role of women
• Slavery

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African Culture

• Painting and Sculpture
• Rock paintings, wood carving, pottery, metalwork
• Music and Dance
• Often served religious purposes
• Wide variety of instruments
• Integration of voice and instrument
• Music produced for social rituals and educational
  purposes
• Architecture
• Pyramid
• Stone pillars
• Stone buildings
• Sometimes reflected Moorish styles
• Literature
• Written works did not exist in the early
  traditional period
• Professional storytellers, bards
• Importance of women in passing down oral
  traditions

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Traditional African Society
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1000 different languages 1000 different tribes
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An Africans Search for Identity
1. Nuclear Family
2. Extended Family
3. Age-Set
4. Clan
5. Lineage (ancestry)
TRIBE (communal living)
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Mask With Headcloth, Zaire (19c)
Tribal Mark ? scarification
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Kisokolo Initiation Costume, Democratic Republic
of the Congo
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Kisokolo Initiates, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, 1990
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?
Tribe
Africa America Ethnic
Group
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Traditional Family Structures
C
C
Nuclear Family
C
H
W
W
C
C
U
Cs
GP
C
C
Extended Family
C
H
W
W
C
C
GP
Cs
A
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Woman Child, Kongo
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Family Group, Tanzania
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Problems of Tribalism Today
1. The tribe is more important than the nation.
2. Communication problems.
3. Inter-tribal warfare ? civil wars.
4. Tribal favorites for government jobs
Nepotism
Breaks down tribal traditions.
Urbanization
Tribal intermingling on the job.
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Traditional African Religion
ANIMISM
1. Belief in one remote Supreme Being.
2. A world of spirits (good bad) in all
things.
3. Ancestor veneration.
4. Belief in magic, charms, and fetishes.
5. Diviner ? mediator between the tribe
and God.
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African Diviner (Shaman)
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World of the Spirits
Dogon Spirit House
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Ancestors
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Fetishes
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Fetishes
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Rubbing Oracle, wood
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Common Traits or Characteristics of Traditional
African Tribal Life

1. The good of the group comes ahead of the good of
   the individual.
2. All land is owned by the group.
3. Strong feeling of loyalty to the group.
4. Important ceremonies at different parts of a
   persons life.
5. Special age and work associations.
6. Deep respect for ancestors.
7. Religion is an important part of everyday life.
8. Government is in the hands of the chiefs kings.

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Stations Activity

• Exit Day in the life

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AIM How did the empire of Ghana emerge in West
Africa?

• DO NOW What is a kingdom?

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The Emergence of States in Africa
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GHANA
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Ghana developed in West Africa between the Niger
and the Gambia Rivers. AD300 to about 1100.
Rich kingdom due to trade and taxes (DO NOT
COPY) The people called their nation Wagadu we
know it as Ghana --that was the word for war
chief.
http//www.nevadasurveyor.com/africa/web/pages/nig
er_river.htm
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Ghana under the leadership of a great king named
Dinga Cisse. natural resources salt and
gold. Skilled iron workers DO NOT
COPY Ghanaian warriors used iron tipped spears to
subdue their neighbors, who fought with weapons
made of stone, bone, and wood.
http//www.imf.org/external/np/exr/center/mm/eng/m
m_rs_01.htm
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"The King . . .(wears). . . necklaces round his
neck and bracelets on his forearms and he puts on
a high cap decorated with gold and wrapped in a
turban of fine cotton. He (meets people) in a
domed pavilion around which stand ten horses
covered with gold-embroidered materialsand on
his right, are the sons of the (lesser) kings of
his country, wearing splendid garments and their
hair plaited with gold.At the door of the
pavilion are dogs of excellent pedigree. Round
their necks they wear collars of gold and silver,
studded with a number of balls of the same
metals."
This is a primary source that describes the court
of one king of Ghana. 1 Where does this source
come from? Is it credible? 2 What is your
impression of the king of Ghana?
10th century geographer Al-Bakri, quoted in
Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African
History.
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Ghana became a rich and powerful nation, the
camel began to be used as a source of transport.
Ghana relied on trade and trade was made faster
and bigger with the use of the camel.
http//es.encarta.msn.com/media_461532998_76155878
7_-1_1/Caravana_de_camellos.html news.nationalgeog
raphic.com/. ../salt/photo6.html
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After 700 AD, the religion of Islam began to
spread over northern Africa. (SOCIAL) Muslim
warriors came into Ghana and fought with the
non-Islamic people there. This weakened the
great civilization of Ghana. Local warriors
then decided to break away from the power of
Ghana and form their own local kingdoms.
(POLITICAL) This ended many of the trade
networks. This eventually weakened the
civilization of Ancient Ghana. (ECONOMIC)
Islamic Mosque in Ghana
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Activity

• Ghana Reading and Annotation

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Aim How did the kingdom of Mali transform Africa?

• DO NOW Summarize the Kingdom of Ghana in 1-2
  sentences

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Mali
http//www.btsadventures.com/img/mosque.jpg
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A powerful king named Sundiata ruled this area
from around 1230-1255 AD. He led the people in
conquering and expanding his kingdom to be as
great as Ghana had been.
The greatest king of Mali was Mansa Musa
(1312-1337). He developed the gold and salt
trade of Mali and his kingdom became very
powerful and rich.
Mansu Musa Lord of the Negroes of Guinea. (Photo
courtesy of History of Africa)
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Mansa Musa was a Muslim, meaning he followed the
religion of Islam. He built many beautiful
mosques or Islamic temples in western Africa.
http//travel.u.nu/pic/ml/djenne.jpg
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In 1324 Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage ( a journey
to a holy place) to Mecca, (DO NOT COPY) Mecca
is a holy city in Arabia, with 60,000 servants
and followers and 80 camels carrying more than
4,000 pounds of gold to be distributed among the
poor. Of the 12,000 servants 500 carried a staff
of pure gold. This showed his power and wealth to
the other people he visited.
http//bseleck.bei.t-online.de/timbuktu/img_tim/ma
nsamusag.gif
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When Mansa Musa died there were no kings as
powerful as he was to follow. The great kingdom
of Mali weakened. (Political) Eventually a
group of people known as Berbers invaded
(political) Although Mali fell, another advanced
African kingdom took its place, the kingdom of
Songhai.
DO NOT COPY The Berbers still live in North
Africa. This picture, taken in 1893, shows a
Berber group.
http//www.uchicago.edu/docs/mp-site/plaisanceplan
/graphics/berbers.jpg
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• Africa produced many great civilizations.
• the African kingdoms of Mali, Ghana and Songhai
  were places of advanced learning and great
  wealth.
• Strong leaders and vast natural resources helped
  these cultures rule large areas of northern and
  western Africa for hundreds of years.

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Activity

• Mansa Musa Facebook Profile
• Info
• Friends
• Wall

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(No Transcript)
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AIM How did the kingdoms of Songhai and Great
Zimbabwe rise in Africa?

• DO NOW Mali Reading, define the political
  (government) economic (financial) and social
  (people) causes of the fall of Mali

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Songhai
http//www.exzooberance.com
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This map was created in 1375. The same trade
routes were used by the merchants of the Songhai
kingdom. What kinds of pictures do you see on the
map and why do you think the mapmaker put them
there?
http//www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Travelers
/Catal_AtlasAfrica.jpg
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Great Songhai leader, Sunni Ali Sunni Ali saw
that the kingdom of Mali was weakening and he led
his soldiers to conquer the area. He began the
kingdom of Songhai. He also set up a complex
government to rule all the lands he had conquered.
http//www.abcorpaffairs.com/gallery/
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Silk, Ceramics, Beads, Islam from Europe and Asia
All three kingdoms of West Africa relied on trade
for their strength and wealth. Major trading
cities Timbuktu, Gao, Jenne
Salt
Timbuktu
Gao
Jenne
Gold, Ivory, Wood, Slaves
Coming into West Africa
Coming from Africa and going to Europe and Asia
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Sunni Ali died in 1492 CE. His soon took over,
denied Islam The people were angry because of
his denial of Islam One of Sunni Alis generals,
named Muhammad Ture, overthrew the new king and
made himself king of Songhai. (POLITICAL) Ture
was a follower of Islam (Muslim) and so he made
Islam the religion of his kingdom.
This is a photo of a mosque, or place of worship
for Muslims, in western Africa. Many mosques were
built of local materials.
http//www.thewoz.ca/ghana/_larabanga1.jpg
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Songhai remained a rich and strong kingdom under
Muhammad Tures rule. It had a complex
government centered in the city of Gao, and great
centers of learning. Later rulers were not as
powerful. (political) In the late 1500s, Morocco
invaded Songhai to take its rich trade routes.
(economic) Moroccans had a new weapon, the gun,
and the army of Songhai did not. This led to the
fall of Songhai.
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Activity

• Reading Spread of Islam

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?
?
?
Songhai
?
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AIM How can we best review the three major
kingdoms of Africa?

• DO NOW Which kingdom, Ghana, Mali or Songhai was
  most effective? Why?

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The States of West Africa

• Expansion of Islam has impact on political system
• Introduction of Arabic for a writing system
• Ghana
• Majority of people were farmers
• Primary reason for Ghanas growth was gold
• Trans-Saharan trade with Ghana becomes very
  important
• Divine right monarchy assisted by hereditary
  aristocracy
• Kings did not convert to Islam, but many of their
  subjects did
• Mali
• Ruinous wars by the twelfth century in Ghana
• New states of Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and
  Hausa states
• Greatest state was Mali
• Gold trade
• Farming in the savanna region
• Mansa Musa (1312-1337), king, encouraged Islam
• Timbuktu becomes center of trade, religion and
  learning

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Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
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States and Stateless Societies in Southern Africa

• From the basin of the Congo River to the Cape of
  Good Hope
• Stateless society
• Progress made with regional trade
• Zimbabwe (sacred house)
• Capital known as Great Zimbabwe
• Benefited from trade between interior and coast
• Evidence of great wealth, but Great Zimbabwe
  abandoned
• The Khoi and the San (Bushman) people