Motivation and Emotion stolen off www.appsychology.com majorly altered by Mr. C.

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Motivation and Emotionstolen off
www.appsychology.commajorly altered by Mr. C.
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Motivation

• Instinct Theory we are motivated by our inborn
  automated behaviors.
• But instincts only explain why we do a small
  fraction of our behaviors.

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Drive Reduction Theory

• Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS.
• Wants to maintain homeostasis.
• When we are not, we have a need that creates a
  drive.
• Primary versus Secondary drives

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Arousal Theory

• We are motivated to seek an optimum level of
  arousal.

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

• The Yerkes-Dodson Law says we perform best under
  the optimal amount of arousal. (Like Goldilocks)
• Not too much, not too little.
• video

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Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

• Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs,
  and all needs are not created equal.
• We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs
  first.

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Motivation of HUNGER
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Biological Basis of Hunger

• Hunger does NOT come from our stomach.
• It comes from our
• Brain
• What part of the brain?
• The Hypothalamus

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Hypothalamus

• Lateral Hypothalamus

• Ventromedial Hypothalamus

• When stimulated it makes you hungry.
• When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be
  hungry again.

• When stimulated you feel full.
• When lesioned you will never feel full again.

Im late for lunch. Im hungry. The lateral
hypothalamus makes you hungry.
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• Unlearned biological motives necessary for
  survival are termed
• primary motives
• secondary motives
• c. drives
• d. stimulus motives

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• Jose complains that he can play his tuba
  beautifully at home but not on stage at the
  talent show. His problem can be explained by
• a. Yerkes-Dodson Law
• b. effects of homeostasis
• c. habituation
• d. biorhythms

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• The most critical physiological factor
  controlling hunger is the
• level of blood sugar
• stomach contractions
• c. taste of food
• d. presence of fatigue

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• The maintenance of steady states of temperature
  and blood pressure are examples of
• thermostasis
• homeostasis
• c. intrinsic motivation
• d. biological rhythm

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• Electrically stimulating the lateral hypothalamus
  will cause a rat to
• start eating
• stop eating
• c. start drinking
• d. stop drinking

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• If the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, a rat
  will
• a. drink more water than biologically needed
• b. refuse to drink until forced to do so.
• c. eat until it becomes obese
• d. refuse to eat until force fed.

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• 16. The employees at a factory were excellent
  workers until a week before Christmas when a
  rumor spread that economic conditions would force
  the plant to close in four days. The quality and
  quantity of work took a down turn as the workers
  spent time discussing among themselves the
  plausibility of the rumor and what they would do
  if it were true. Maslow would say that these
  workers were
• motivated by
• meta-needs
• intrinsic motivation
• c. esteem and self-esteem
• d. safety and security

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Set Point Theory

• The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat.
• Wants to maintain a stable weight (homeostasis).
• Activate the lateral when you diet and activate
  the ventromedial when you start to gain weight.
• Ghrelin video

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Body Chemistry

• Glucose
• The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat.
• When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

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Psychological Aspects of Hunger

• Internals versus Externals
• The Garcia Effect

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Culture and Hunger
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Dog
Mice Wine
Fried Frog Legs
Criadillas- bull testicles.
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Eating Disorders

• Bulimia Nervosa
• Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of
  food) and purging (getting rid of the food).

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Anorexia Nervosa

• Starve themselves to below 85 of their normal
  body weight.
• See themselves as fat.
• Vast majority are women.

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Obesity

• Severely overweight to the point where it causes
  health issues.
• Mostly eating habits but some people are
  predisposed towards obesity.

Click on the pictures to see some case studies on
obesity.
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Sexual Motivation

• Sex is natural.
• Without sex, none of us would be here.
• How do scientists (or you) find out about sex?
• YOU ASK!!!!!!

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Kinseys Studies

• Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in
  early 1950s).
• Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual
  Behavior in the Human Female
• Scale of sexuality.0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively
  heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual.
• Problem sample was not randomized!!
  Self-selected sample.

Click on Kinsey to see the movie trailer.
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Masters and Johnson Study

• In the 1960s William Masters and Virginia
  Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex.
• 382 females and 312 males.

After their research was done they ran an
institute that claimed to turn gay people
straight.
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Mapped out the Sexual Response Cycle

• Initial Excitement
• Plateau Phase
• Orgasm
• Resolution Phase (with refractory period).

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Psychological Factors in Sexual Motivation

• Only some people are externals when it comes to
  hunger- but we are all externals when it comes to
  sex.
• Heiman 4 tape study.
• People can find sexually explicit images either
  pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the
  less biologically arousing.

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Pheromones

• A pheromone is a chemical secreted by one
  creature to affect behavior of another (usually
  sex related).
• Pheromones might explain why womens menstrual
  cycles get in synch when they live together.

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We have discussed the energizing of sexual
motivation but have yet to discuss its direction
Sexual Orientation
An enduring sexual attraction toward members of
either one's own gender or the other gender.
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How is Sexual Orientation Determined

• There has been NO evidence that sexuality is
  socially determined.
• Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to
  be gay than if they were raised by hetero
  parents.
• Thus, it is likely biologically determined.

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The Brain

• Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of
  cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in
  heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or
  homosexual men.
• Is this cause or effect??

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Prenatal Environment

• Current research seems to point to the hormonal
  levels in the prenatal environment.
• We have created homosexual male fruit flies and
  lesbian sheep!!!
• Monozygotic twins can differ in sexual
  orientation.

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Genetic cause of homosexuality

• Some studies show a genetic similarity in the X
  chromosome for gay males.
• Whether its genetic or hormonal, either way its
  not environment.

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Achievement MotivationWhat motivates us to
work?(School, job, sports, video games,
relationships etc..)

• Intrinsic Motivators

• Extrinsic Motivators

• Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or
  satisfaction.

• Reward that we get for accomplishments from
  outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..)
• Work great in the short run.

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Achievement motivation

• Where would one stand to practice if they had
  high achievement motivation?

• Those with high achievement motivation will
  choose tasks that are moderately difficult. Not
  too hard because they want to achieve. Not too
  easy because they want to feel good about
  themselves.

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Overjustification effect

• Studies show that if you externally reward
  someone (excessively) for something they love
  doing, they will lose their intrinsic desire for
  doing it.

• Alex Rodriguez earns 27.5 million dollars per
  year. Does he love the game??

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Management TheoryManagement/Teaching styles
relate closely to Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators.

• Theory X

• Theory Y

• Managers believes that employees will work only
  if rewarded with benefits or threatened with
  punishment.
• Think employees are Extrinsically Motivated.
• Only interested in Maslows lower needs.

• Managers believe that employees are internally
  motivated to do good work and policies should
  encourage this internal motive.
• Interested in Maslows higher needs.

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• Intrinsic motivation occurs when
• a. obligations or approval are factors
• b. there is no obvious external reward for ones
  behavior
• c. there are obvious external factors controlling
  behavior
• d. extrinsic motivation is also high

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When Motives Conflict

• Approach-approach conflict when we have 2
  desirable things to choose from. Both Beyonce
  and Tyra Banks want to date you.

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Approach avoidance conflict

• Both options have their benefits and drawbacks.
  Example, telling your wife that her hair looks
  bad. The good is shell fix it. The bad is she
  might be mad at you for a few hours.

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Avoidance-avoidance conflict

• You must choose between 2 equally unattractive
  options.

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Four theories of emotion
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion

• Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the
  James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
• Based on our autonomic nervous system
• The body changes and our mind interprets those
  changes as emotion.
• Im afraid because I run

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• Male participants were asked to meet an
  interviewer in the middle of one of two bridges.
  One was a safe-looking bridge and one looked more
  dangerous. An attractive female researcher
  interviewed the male passers-by in the middle of
  the two bridges. She gave them her telephone
  number in case they wanted to ask about the
  results. Men on the less safe-looking bridge were
  more aroused by the height of the bridge, and
  were likely to confuse their feelings for being
  'lovestruck'. They were then more likely to call
  her back, looking for a date.
• Support for James Lange????

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• Giving the Finger, the Psychology and History
  Thereof By William Weir on February 13, 2009
• For the study, 54 right-handed subjects read a
  story about a person whose behavior could be
  interpreted as either assertive or hostile. One
  group extended their forefinger while reading,
  another group extended their middle finger. The
  latter group tended to assert that person in the
  essay was hostile, rather than assertive.
• Support for the James Lange theory??

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Facial feedback hypothesis
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The Effects of Facial Expression
If facial expressions are manipulated, like
furrowing brows, people feel sad while looking at
sad pictures.
Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/ The
New York Times Pictures
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making
their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.
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Maybe Ned was right. Sometimes we should force
ourselves to smile.
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

• Say James-Lange theory is full of crap.
• The physiological change and cognitive awareness
  must occur simultaneously.
• They believed it was the thalamus that helped
  this happen.

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Think 2 cannons firing at the same time.
Physiological change (heart rate, breathing)
Cognitive awareness
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Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

• Stanley Schachter explains emotions more
  completely that the other two theories.
• They happen at the same time but
• Emotion is processed in the autonomic nervous
  system AND the cerebral cortex (conscious
  thought)
• Includes cognitive appraisal

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• If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward
  the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reaction
  would include heart racing and screaming. But if
  your cognitive appraisal says you are on a
  rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of fun

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Everyone say it loud

• Schacter Two Factor

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Opponent Process Theory of Emotion

• Have you ever felt crappy for a few days, then
  felt elated? This theory says feeling one way
  will lead you to feel the opposite.
• How is this similar to the opponent process
  theory of color vision?

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• Which theory claims that emotions are organized
  in the brain and that emotional feelings and
  bodily expressions occur simultaneously?
• common sense theory
• Cannon Bard
• c. attribution theory
• d. James Lange

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• Which theory of emotion implies that people can
  change their emotions simply by changing the way
  they label their arousal?
• A. the James-Lange theory
• B. Cannon Bard theory
• C. Schachters two-factor theory
• D. opponent-process theory.

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• According to Cannon-Bard theory,
• a. the thalamus plays a central role in producing
  emotions
• b. the cerebellum must give the go ahead for
  emotion
• c. activity in the occipital and parietal lobes
  happens simultaneously to produce emotion
• d. the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
  systems work in concert

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• Which theory of emotion holds the view that
  bodily changes PRECEDE emotion and that we
  experience an emotion AFTER our body reacts?
• common sense theory
• Cannon-Bard theory
• attribution theory
• James- Lange theory

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• According to the James-Lange theory of emotion
• A. the experience of emotion depends on autonomic
  arousal and on ones cognitive interpretation of
  that arousal
• B. different patterns of autonomic activation
  lead to the experience of different emotions
• C. emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals
  simultaneously to the cortex
• D. Emotions develop because of their adaptive
  value

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• The polygraph or lie detector primarily
  measures which component of emotion?
• a. attribution
• b. emotional expression
• c. physiological arousal
• d. vocal modulation

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• We feel sorry because we cry represents the
  theory of _____
• A. James-Lange
• B. Cannon-Bard
• C. LeDoux
• D. Schachter
• E. Freud

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• We cry when (at the same time) we notice we
  feel sorry inside and are involved in a sad
  situation represents the theory of ______
• A. James-Lange
• B. Cannon-Bard
• C. LeDoux
• D. Schachter
• E. Freud

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Stress

• There are 2 stress hormones you need to know.
• Cortisol and adrenaline
• Cortisol does lead to weight gain.

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Seyles General Adaptation Syndrome

• Describes our response to a stressful event.
• Three stages
• Alarm
• Resistance
• Exhaustion

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• A competitive diver approaches the end of the
  board with rapidly beating heart and a dry mouth,
  a result of increased
• adrenaline
• amines
• cortisone
• endorphins

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• The number one tennis player on last years squad
  does not find her name on the list of students
  who made this years team. Which stage of
  Selyes general adaptation syndrome is she most
  likely experiencing?
• a) alarm
• b) resistance
• c) denial
• d) competence

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Emotional Expression

• When culturally diverse people were shown six
  basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at
  recognizing them (Paul Ekman 1989).

Elkman Matsumoto, Japanese and Caucasian
Facial Expression of Emotion
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Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of them
are present in infancy, except for
contempt, shame, and guilt. Even blind children
display these facial expressions.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit
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Paul Ekman basis for Lie to Me

• Paul Ekman studied emotions and facial
  expressions and found there are universal facial
  expressions. Lying and disgust are the same in
  the USA and Japan.
• However, the display rules are different for
  collectivist cultures than individualist
  cultures. Chinese are not encouraged to display
  anger like Americans are.

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• People from different cultures can recognize
  which facial expressions?
• fear
• anger
• disgust
• all of these

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Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion

• When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to
  subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of
  activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).

Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth
College, www.whalenlab.info
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Catharsis Hypothesis

• Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves
  an emotional release or catharsis.

Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through
reinforcement it is habit-forming.
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Cultural Gender Differences

1. Boys respond to anger by moving away from that
   situation, while girls talk to their friends or
   listen to music.
2. The expression of anger is more encouraged in
   individualistic cultures (USA) than in cultures
   that do promote group behavior (China, Japan)

Wolfgang Kaehler
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• Which of the following statements about
  cross-cultural comparisons of emotional
  experience is NOT true?
• A. The types of events that trigger specific
  emotions are fairly similar across cultures.
• B. The physiological reactions that accompany
  emotions tend to be similar across cultures
• C. People of different cultures tend to
  categorize the emotions differently
• D. All of the above statements are true.

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Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happy than
others?
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• Which of the following statements is true?
• A. For the most part, people are pretty happy.
• B. Age is unrelated to happiness.
• C. income is unrelated to happiness
• D. All of the above are true.