19th Century

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Colonization of Africa

• 19th Century

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• Beginning in the early 19th Century, Europeans
  aggressively tried to establish colonies in
  Africa.
• European civilization experienced a period of
  unprecedented rapid expansion around the globe
  during the last third of the nineteenth century,
  restructuring the African continent and changing
  all aspects of life.

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• Colonialism practice of forced control of one
  nation by another nation.
• Colony is when a nation establishes a government
  under its rule in a foreign territory.
• Imperialism philosophy of empire building by
  taking over other countries governments trade,
  and culture in the name of expansion power.

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Colonial Europes Misconceptions of the African
Continent and Society

• Africa was one country, not a collection of
  independent states.
• African society was not organized nor advanced
  socially or technologically.
• Africans were little more than uncivilized
  barbarians .
• Africans were non-religious heathens.
• There was no social structure to pre-colonial
  African society.
• Colonization was for the good of the Africans and
  the continent as a whole.
• Africa on the whole was an uninhabited,
  inhospitable place.
• The taking of Africa was going to be an easy
  process with few consequences for Europeans.

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Five Major Colonial Powers In Africa

• Great Britain
• France
• Portugal
• Belgium
• Germany
• In addition to these, there were Spain, Italy and
  the Netherlands.

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Reasons for Colonialism

• Despite Europeans involvement in the
  Transatlantic slave trade, Europeans usually
  relied on Africans to trade slaves instead of
  colonizing the continent.
• By the 1880s every major nation in the world had
  abolished the institution of slavery.
• During this time, Europeans found a new interest
  in Africa, viewing it as a continent of vast
  wealth.

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Positive European Reasons for Colonialism

• Colonies provided Europe with strategic military
  and economic advantages.
• Open up new trading markets for European goods.
• Europe received minerals and other natural
  resources (diamonds, gold, cotton, ivory, and
  rubber) which fed industrialization.
• Spread Christianity throughout the continent.
• Europeans had access to cheap labor.

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Negative European Reasons for Colonialism

• European powers had to fight against rebellions.
• Colonial rule in many places, especially the
  Congo, was morally nauseating.

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Berlin Conference (1884) European countries
decided they could claim African colonies just by
setting up government offices in African
territory. This set off a Great Scramble as
Europeans rushed to colonize Africa.
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The Berlin Conference

• The Berlin Conference was Africa's undoing in
  more ways than one
• During the 19th century, colonial countries
  superimposed or forced their powers on the
  African continent, leading to strife and unrest.
  
• By the time independence returned to Africa in
  the 1950s, Africa had developed a condition or
  custom of political division that could not be
  eliminated without significant strife on the part
  of the African peoples.

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Impact of Colonial Period ? Partitioning of
Africa

• Negative Effects for Africa
• Land was confiscated for farms for the European
  colonies.
• African tribes lost control of their own
  countries.
• Wars, revolts, and protests were common.
• Conflicts broke out between tribes that were once
  friendly.
• Starvation and disease became widespread.
• NEW BORDERS were drawn that separated families
  and tribes.

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Impact of Colonial Period ? Partitioning of
Africa

• Positive Effects for Africa
• Schools and hospitals built.
• Economy was improved by new governments.
• Roads and railroads were built.
• Health was improved (medicine, hospitals, etc)
• Berlin Conference set a specific date for the end
  of the slave trade.
• New technology elevated the standard of living.

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White Mans Burden
Imperialism has been interpreted from a variety
of viewpoints. The following documents express
various viewpoints about the positive and
negative effects of European imperialism. Task
Evaluate both the positive and negative effects
of imperialism by answering the question
pertaining to each source.
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Document 1 O.P. Austin, "Does Colonization Pay"
The Forum, 1900 "Modern progressive nations
lying in the temperate zone seek to control
garden spots in the tropics. mainly in Africa,
Latin America, and Asia Under the progressive
nations direction, these places can yield
tropical produce. In return, the progressive
nations bring to the people of those garden spots
the foodstuffs and manufactures they need.
Progressive nations develop the territory by
building roads, canals, railways, and telegraphs.
They can establish schools and newspapers for the
colonies and give these people the benefit of
other blessings of civilization which they have
not the means of creating themselves." 1.
According to the author, what benefits did the
colonies receive from the "modern progressive
nations"?
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Document 2
"Learning civilized ways is hard work"   2.
What did colonization mean for the native people?
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Document 3 Imperialism and World Politics,
Parker T. Moore, 1926 "To begin with, there are
the exporters and manufacturers of certain goods
used in the colonies. The makers of cotton and
iron goods have been very much interested in
imperialism. Their business interests demand that
colonial markets should be opened and developed
and that foreign competitors should be shut out.
Such aims require political control and
imperialism. Finally, the most powerful of all
business groups are the bankers. Banks make loans
to colonies and backward countries for building
railways and steamship lines. They also make
loans to colonial plantation owners, importers,
and exporters. The imperialist business interests
have powerful allies. Military and naval leaders
believe strongly in extending the white mans
rule over the inferior races, To this company
may be added another elementthe missionary.
Missionaries went forth to preach a kingdom
beyond this world. But they often found
themselves the builders of very earthly empires.
. . . Last, but by no means least, let us add
politicians to our list of empire builders. 3.
Who are the empire builders described in this
passage?
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Document 4 African proverb "When the whites came
to our country, we had the land and they had the
Bible, now we have the Bible and they have the
land. 4. How did the Africans feel about the
missionaries?
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Document 5 An Anthology of West African Verse,
David Diop, 1957 The White Man killed my
father,My father was proud.The White Man
seduced my mother,My mother was beautiful.The
White Man burnt my brother beneath the noonday
sun,My brother was strong.His hands red with
black bloodThe White Man turned to meAnd in
the Conquerors voice said,"Boy! a chair, a
napkin, a drink. 5. What were some negative
effects of imperialism on Africa?
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Document 6 This German cartoon, published in the
early 20th century, is entitled "Thus colonize
the English."
  6. What is the point of view of this cartoonist
about European imperialism?
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Document 7 "Colonialisms greatest misdeed was to
have tried to strip us of our responsibility in
conducting our own affairs and convince us that
our civilization was nothing less than savagery,
thus giving us complexes which led to our being
branded as irresponsible and lacking in
self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had
assimilated each of their colonies into their own
economy. Our continent possesses tremendous
reserves of raw material and they, together with
its potential sources of power, give it excellent
conditions for industrialization. . ." Sekou
Toure, West African nationalist, 1962 7. In
1962, what was the response of this West African
nationalist to years of colonialism?
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John Bull
Uncle Sam
Kaiser Wilhelm II
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The Effects of Colonization
War by Bob Marley
Haile Selassie 1936
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That until the philosophy which holds one race
superior and another inferior is finally and
permanently discredited and abandoned That
until there are no longer first-class and second
class citizens of any nation That until the
color of a man's skin is of no more significance
than the color of his eyes That until the
basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all
without regard to race That until that day,
the dream of lasting peace and world citizenship
and the rule of international morality will
remain but a fleeting illusion, to be pursued but
never attained And until the ignoble and
unhappy regimes that hold our brothers in Angola,
in Mozambique and in South Africa in subhuman
bondage have been toppled and destroyed Until
that day, the African continent will not know
peace. We Africans will fight, if necessary,
and we know that we shall win, as we are
confident in the victory of good over evil.