Last%20Lecture%20http://www.umich.edu/~psycours/345/

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Last Lecture http//www.umich.edu/psycours/345/

• What is Cognitive Neuroscience?
• Historical Roots
• Phrenology
• Modern Neuropsychology Broca, Wernicke
• Study of lesion effects Prism on the mind
• Experimental vs. clinical neuropsychology

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Todays Lecture

• Getting around the brain
• Orientational Terminology
• Gross Neuroanatomy
• Maps
• Cytoarchitectonic
• Projections Maps

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Directional Terms
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Planes of Section

• Frontal plane coronal section
• Sagittal plane medial and parasagittal section
• Horizontal plane transaxial or horizontal
  section

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Planes of Section

• Frontal plane coronal section

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Planes of Section

• Sagittal plane medial parasagittal section

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Planes of Section

• Horizontal plane horizontal or transaxial
  section

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Photo
PET
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Major Subdivisions Forebrain, Midbrain,
Hindbrain

• Hindbrain
• Medulla
• Pons
• Cerebellum
• Midbrain
• superior colliculus
• inferior colliculus
• Motor nuclei

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Major Subdivisions Forebrain, Midbrain,
Hindbrain

• Hindbrain
• Medulla
• Pons
• Cerebellum
• Midbrain
• superior colliculus
• inferior colliculus
• Motor nuclei

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• Forebrain
• neocortex/cortex
• limbic system
• basal ganglia
• olfactory system
• thalamus / hypothalamus

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Our primary focus Neocortex

• Phylogenetically youngest structure
• Well developed only in mammals
• Accounts for 9 billion of the 12 billion neurons
  in the human nervous system.

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• Terminology (for a convoluted surface)
• Fissure Deep cleft
• Sulcus Shallow cleft
• Gyrus Ridge
• Major Landmarks
• Longitudinal Fissure separates Left Right
  hemispheres
• Central Fissure separates parietal and frontal
• Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure
• dorsal boundary of temporal lobe

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Four Lobes

• Named for overlying skull bones
• Offer "crude" functional (sensory-motor) parse
• Frontal voluntary motor control
• Parietal somatosensory
• Temporal auditory
• Occipital visual

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Blood Supply to the Brain (highlights)

• Internal Carotid arteries- supply only cortex
• anterior cerebral artery
• middle cerebral artery
• Vertebral Arteries- supply brainstem, cerebellum
  and cortex
• posterior cerebral artery
• occipital, temporal lobes
• tectum

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Principles of Cortical Organization
Cytoarchitectonic Maps Projection Maps

• Map
• system for classifying defining cortical
  organization
• orderly representation on cortical surface
• structural basis for defining an area's function
• function can follow closely from structure (e.g.
  projection maps)

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Cytoarchitecture

• Gray matter is 2 mm thick.
• 6 layers differing in number, type, density of
  cells.
• 2 4 receiving layers
• fibers from sensory and association cortex
• thicker in sensory cortex
• 3, 5 6 sending layers
• 3 association cortex and commissures
• 5 brainstem and spinal cord
• 6 thalamus
• thicker in motor cortex
• Thalamocortical, corticothalamic
  Corticocortical connections (intra and
  interhemispheric)

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Cytoarchitectonic Maps Complex micro-structure
of neural tissue

• Brodmann's (1909) Map
• Classified regions based on density of cell
  layers
• Identified about 50 distinct areas
• Structural classification --gt functional
  differences
• system widely used to refer to areas of interest.

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Cytoarchitectonic Maps Complex micro-structure
of neural tissue

• Brodmann's (1909) Map
• Classified regions based on cell layers
• Identified 52 areas
• Structural classification --gt functional
  differences
• system widely used to refer to areas of interest.

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Projection Maps

• defined by their input
• What gets mapped depends on the sensory modality
• vision-- visual space
• auditory-- pitch (frequency)
• touch-- body surface

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Generic (simplified) Pathway

• Properties of Cortical
• Organization
• Hierarchical Organization
• ranking based on modality specificity
  complexity of functions
• Contralateral Organization
• e.g. LH represents
• Right Visual Field
• Right side of body
• Right Ear Input
• Vice versa for RH
• Functional Segregation
• modules with specialized functions