Andrew Jackson

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Andrew Jackson 1767 - 1845
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Essential Question
Champion of the Common Man?
KingAndrew?
OR
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What were the democratic Trends in the 19th
century?
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Voting Requirements in the Early 19c
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Voter Turnout 1820 - 1860
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Campaigning on the Stump
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Why Increased Democratization?

• Universal Manhood Suffrage
• Party nominating committees.
• Voters choose electors
• Spoils System
• Mudslinging
• Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats,
  etc.)

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Emergence of Modern Political Parties

• 2-party system returns in 1832
• DRs ? Natl. Reps.(1828) ? Whigs
  (1832) ? Republicans (1854)
• Democrats (1828)

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Jackson's Early Life
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Jacksons First Hermitage Residence
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First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815
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General Jackson During the Seminole Wars
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Jackson's First Presidential Run
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The Common MansPresidential Candidate
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Campaign Posters
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Jacksons Opponents in 1824
Henry ClayKY
John Quincy AdamsMA
John C. CalhounSC
William H. CrawfordGA
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Results of the 1824 Election
TheCorrupt Bargain
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John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)
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Opposition to John Quincy Adams

• Political control by elites
• Questioned sustainability of democracy
• National economic, industrial growth
• Belief strong, active central govt. necessary
• A national university (American U.)
• An astronomical observatory.
• A naval academy (Newport, RI)

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What were the key issues in 1828?
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Tariff of Abominations (1828)
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Tariff Battles

• Tariff of 1816 ? cheap imported textiles
• Tariff of 1824 ? iron expensive textiles
• Tariff of 1828 ? increases both
• Mixed support S. opposed
• Protect US industry

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Votes in the House for the Tariff of Abomination
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Land Indian Policies

• Quincy Adams
• Land policies favored Indians
• Curb land spec.
• Support rights of Indians against white settlers
• 1825 ? Creek Indians v. GA
• Adams GA treaty is invalid
• Congress sided w/GA.
• Western outcry!

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The 1828 Election

• Campaign run by Sen. Van Buren (NY)
• He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian
  coalition of
• N. farmers/artisans
• S. slave owners
• Farmers w/ small land
• Creates Democratic Party
• National Committee
• Mass meetings, parades, picnics
• Mudslinging

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Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree
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Jackson in Mourning for His Wife
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1828 Election Results
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The New Jackson Coalition

• Planters
• Frontier settlers
• Artisans
• State Politicians ? spoils system
• To the victor belong the spoils
• Immigrants (particularly Irish)

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Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Victory
over his Supporters
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Jacksons Faith in the Common Man

• Distrust of E. establishment, monopolies,
  special privileges.
• Heart soul w/ plain folk
• Common man capable of uncommon achievements

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The Reign of King Mob
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Andrew Jackson as President
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The Peggy Eaton Affair
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The Nullification Issue
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The Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)
VS.
Sen. Daniel WebsterMA
Sen. Robert HayneSC
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1830 Nationalism v. Sectionalism
Webster Liberty and Union, now and
forever, one and inseparable.
Calhoun The Union, next to our liberty,
most dear.
Jackson Our Federal Unionit must be
preserved.
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Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads to
Despotism
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1832 Tariff Conflict

• 1832 ? new tariff
• SC reaction
• Jackson response
• Clays Compromise Tariff
• Martial Law

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Jackson's Native-American Policy
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Indian Removal

• Jacksons Goal
• 1830 ? Indian Removal Act
• Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) domestic
  dependent nation
• Worcester v. GA (1832)
• Jackson John Marshall has made his
  decision, now let him enforce it!

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Cherokee Assimilation
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Cherokee Assimilation
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Cherokee Assimilation
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The Cherokee Nation After 1820
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Indian Removal
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The Grand Natl. Caravan Moving West
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Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
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Jackson the Bank War
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Jacksons Use of Federal Power
VETO
1830 ? Maysville Road Project in
KY state of his political
rival, Henry Clay
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The National Bank Debate
PresidentJackson
NicholasBiddlean arrogant aristocrat from
Philadelphia
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Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.
Soft(paper)
Hard(specie)

• National regulation
• Supported rapid economic growth
• Stimulate economy
• Land speculation
• Credit

• Coins were real
• Anything you can bite
• Bank notes diminished value of
• Suspicious of speculation

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The Monster Is Destroyed!

• Pet Banks
• 1832 ? Jackson vetos 2nd Bankcharter
• 1836 ? charter expires
• 1841 ? bank went bankrupt!

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The Downfall of Mother Bank
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The Bank the 1832 Election

• Jackson/Biddle bill to override veto
• Personal attack against Jackson
• 2nd Bank wants Clay
• The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will
  destroy it!
• Jackson drops Calhoun runs w/ Van Buren.

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An 1832 Cartoon KingAndrew?
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Positions on the Key Issues of 1832
WHIGS
DEMOCRATS

• Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was
  alarming.
• Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators
  were non-producers who used their govt.
  connections to line their own pockets.
• Govt. should have a hands-off approach to the
  economy to allow the little guy a chance to
  prosper.
• For Indian removal.
• Oppose tariffs.
• States rights.
• Oppose federal support for internal improvements.
• Opposed the National Bank.

• Less concerned about the widening gap between
  rich and poor.
• Opposed liberal capitalism because they
  believed it would lead to economic chaos.
• Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding
  economy was critical.
• Opposes Indian removal.
• Favored tariffs.
• Supported a National Bank.

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1832 Election Results
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The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren Old KinderhookO. K.
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The Specie Circular (1836)

• Speculators created wildcat banks fueled
  runaway inflation
• Buy federal land w/ specie ONLY
• Move shocked the system
• Jacksons goal ? curb land speculation

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Results of the Specie Circular

• Banknotes lose their value
• Land sales plummeted
• Credit unavailable
• Businesses failed
• Unemployment rose

The Panic of 1837!
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The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!
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The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!
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Andrew Jackson in Retirement
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Andrew Jackson c. 1844
1767 - 1845