Reform Movements

1
Reform Movements

• Chapter 9, Sections 1 2

2
Protestant Revivalists

• Leaders
• Lyman Beecher (minister)
• 13 children, including
• author
• Harriet Beecher Stowe

3
Protestant Revivalists

• GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT
• Believed that if Americans had better values and
  were more spiritual, then society could be fixed
• (Good people a good society)

4
Transcendentalists

• LEADERS
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• (poet, minister from Boston)
• AND
• Henry David Thoreau
• wrote WALDEN , about joy of simple
• living being close to nature

5
Transcendentalists

• GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT
• Rejected traditional religion
• Spiritual discovery insight can be found
  through reason
• Human beings are naturally good should be
  self-reliant, should act on own beliefs
• Involved in other movements
• believed moral life helped in reforming society

6
Temperance Movement

• LEADERS
• Mostly northern women
• WHY???
• socially unacceptable for women to drink
• women were the ones suffering due to rise in
  alcoholism (byproduct of industrialization
  urbanization)

7
Temperance Movement

• GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT
• eliminate consumption of alcohol, b/c it leads
  to increased domestic violence child abuse
• wanted abstinence
• WHY IN THE NORTH?
• More people, more cities, easier for women to
  organize in a city

8
Public Education Movement

• LEADERS
• Horace Mann (self-educated lawyer from MA)
• ACCOMPLISHMENTS
• taxes to support public education
• schools divided by grade level
• consistent curricula
• consistent teacher training

9
Public Education Movement

• GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT
• education to promote self-discipline good
• citizenship
• assimilate everyone, especially new
• immigrants
• teach a common culture
• democratic society needs literate,
• educated citizens
• used McGuffey Readers

10
Prison Reform

• LEADERS
• Dorothea Dix (Boston schoolteacher)
• visited a prison, saw conditions
• everyone crowded together
• (People were sent to prison hoping they would
• use time there to become better people
• be productive members of society)

11
Prison Reform

• GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT
• better conditions in prisons
• (were poorly fed, in rags, in chains, no heat)
• wanted creation of separate institutions for
• the mentally ill

12
Utopian Communities

• LEADERS
• Robert Owen founder of New Harmony, in
  Indiana
• the Shakers (branch of the Quakers)
• known for their furniture

13
Utopian Communities

• GOALS OF THE MOVEMENT
• create places free from troubles of urban
  industrial growth
• all people would share in common property,
  share work, take care of each other

14
Abolitionist Movement

• William Lloyd Garrison
• published The Liberator
• (Boston anti-slavery newspaper)
• founded American Anti-Slavery Society
• middle class white northerners
• RADICAL
• DENOUNCED MODERATION
• IN FIGHT AGAINST SLAVERY

15
Abolitionist Movement

• American Colonization Society
• felt free blacks emancipated slaves would
  never receive equal treatment in society
• not all believed in racial equality
• favored colonization
• founded LIBERIA

16
Abolitionist Movement

• FREDERICK DOUGLASS
• escaped slave
• member of Garrisons Am. Anti Slavery Society
• spoke in US Great Britain
• autobiography
• Life Times of Frederick Douglass
• published the North Star
• (newspaper)

17
Abolitionist Movement

• FREDERICK DOUGLASS (continued)
• member of Garrisons society
• opposed use of violence
• slavery should be fought with deeds as well
  as words

18
Abolitionist Movement

• UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
• Harriet Tubman (former slave)
• Network of escape routes for slaves fleeing to
  the North
• People opened homes, gave food, money, supplies,
  shelter, medical attention to slaves on their way
  North
• risked prison by doing so

19
Abolitionist Movement

• Some refused to wait for long-term legal
  strategies to work to end slavery
• Used both legal illegal means to attack slavery
• See pages 272-273

20
Abolitionist Movement

• DIVISIONS OVER WOMENS PARTICIPATION
• Americans in general DID NOT approve of womens
• involvement. Garrison insisted they be allowed
  to speak,
• many men left Society.
• GRIMKE SISTERS
• SOJOURNER TRUTH
• DIVISIONS OVER RACE
• Issue was personal for African-Americans, felt
  many white abolitionists saw them as inferior
• DIVISIONS OVER TACTICS
• Some argued should use legal means, some felt
  that wasnt enough