Asst. Prof. Dr. Suwaree Yordchim

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The thesis writing- 1. Sentences

• Asst. Prof. Dr. Suwaree Yordchim
• Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University

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Elements of Sentences
Function Class Example
To name Substantive Nouns, pronouns, gerunds, infinitives
To assert Predicative Verbs
To describe or limit Modifier Adjectives adverbs, participles
To join elements Connective Conjunctions, prepositions
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Subjects and predicates

• Subject - what you are talking about
• Predicate - the assertion you make about the
  subject.

Subject Predicate
Edison invented the light bulb.
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Practice 1

• Find ten sentences (about your major) as the
  table below

Subject Predicate
1.Edison 2. 3. 4. 5. ..10 invented the light bulb.
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Modifiers

• Modifiers describe nouns and verbs they may be
  attached to almost any parts of a sentence.
• Any words that modifier a noun, pronoun, or
  gerund is an adjective in function.
• An adverb is any word that modifies a verb, an
  adjective, or another adverb.
• Very hungry people seldom display good table
  manners.
• adj adv
  adj adj

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Identifying subject and verb

• verb
• states an action.
• a word or group of words (phrases)
• one or more auxiliary verbs
• he was hit,
• he has been hit
• you had taken
• you will have taken.

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Identifying subject and verb

• verb
• linking verbs, or copulas
• assert that something is of looks, sounds
  seems, or appears to be something.
• He is a talented athlete.
• She seems intelligent.

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Complements

• Intransitive verbs
• After meeting all the relatives, my cousin left.
• Transitive verbs complements of the verb.
• I bought a scarf.

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Object complements

• Direct objects
• usually a noun or pronoun but sometimes a phrase
  or clause.
• My niece drew a picture
• Indirect objects
• a complement that receives whatever is named by
  the direct abject.
• involving an act of living or telling) may take
  an indirect object
• ex. The award gave the photographer
  encouragement.

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Subject complement

• Predicate noun.
• A noun that serves as a subject complement of a
  linking verb
• My mother was the major of the town.
• subject complement
• Predicate adjective
• an adjective that describes the subject
• The mayor was popular.
• subject complement

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Phrases

• Such groups of words, which do not make a
  complete statement but which function like a
  single word, are phrases.
• The train leaves in ten minutes.
• an adverb soon
• They may be named for the kind of word around
  which they are constructed-prepositional,
  participial, gerund, or infinitive phrases.
• They may also be named by the way they function
  in a sentence-as adjective, adverb, or noun
  phrases.

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Prepositional phrases

• A prepositional phrase consists of
• a preposition joined to a noun or a pronoun,
  which is called the object of the preposition.
• Such phrases usually modify nouns or verbs, and
  they are described accordingly as adjective or
  adverb phrases.
• Adjective Adverb
• The flowers in the yard bloomed in the sun.

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Verbals and verb phrases

• A verbal is a form of verb that functions as some
  other part of speech.
• A verbal that modifies a noun is called a
  participle.
• It may be in the past or the present tense
• a used past car with splitting present
  upholstery.
• A verb form that functions as a noun is called a
  gerund
• Writing is his passion
• He loves singing.
• Gerunds may also be used as the objects of verbs
  or of preposition
• A verb form that functions as a noun is called an
  infinitive.
• To err is human.
• a verbal consisting of the present form of the
  verb preceded by to.
• used as nouns, as subjects or object of the verb

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Verbals and verb phrases

• Participles, gerunds, and infinitives may take
  objects, and they may be modified by adverbs or
  by prepositional phrases.
• A verbal with its modifier and its object, or
  subject, makes up a verbal phrase and functions
  as a single part of speech, but it does not make
  a full statement.

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Verbals and verb phrases

• Participial phrase
• Moved by her speech, I decided to join the
  organization.
• Gerund phrase
• Selecting an appropriate site took a lot of time.
• Infinitive phrase
• The task required us to walk for hours.

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Absolute phrases

• a group of words that has a subject but no verb
  and is not grammatically connected to the rest of
  the sentence.
• The subject of an a absolute phrase is often
  followed by a participle
• The site having been selected, we met to choose a
  sculptor.
• The subject of an absolute phrase may also be
  followed by an adjective or a prepositional
  phrase
• She recounted the incident, her voice angry,
  her-face pale.

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Appositive phrases

• a noun, or noun substitute, added to explain
  another noun
• My mother, the mayor, was getting attention all
  of her life.

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Clauses

• A clause is a group of words that contains a
  subject and a predicate.
• Every sentence must contain at least one clause.

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Independent clause

• Independent clause can stand alone as complete
  sentences.
• She heard the news.
• Dependent (or subordinate) clauses,
• a subordinate part of the sentence
• perform a function like that of adjectives,
  adverbs. or nouns
• When she heard the news
• has a subject and verb-but the addition of the
  word
• Dependent clauses are usually preceded by
  relative pronouns (who, which, that) or by
  subordinating conjunctions (such as although,
  because, if since, when, and while).
• When makes the clause dependent. It needs an
  independent clause added to it to make a complete
  sentence
• When she heard the news, she was delighted.

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Noun clauses

• functions as a noun, may be a subject or a
  compliment in a main clause, or the object of a
  preposition or of a gerund.
• That Lauren was considered for the position is
  remarkable. subject
• She said that she would accept only under certain
  conditions. direct object
• We will give the job to whoever is best
  qualified. object of the preposition
• We do the best for others by asking what we can
  do for others. object of a gerund

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Adverb clauses

• a dependent clause used to modify a verb,
  adjective, or adverb in the main clause.
• We are whenever we felt like it.
• modifies the verb
• The trip was as pleasant as we had hoped.
• modifies the adjective
• The train arrived sooner than we had expected.
• modifies the adverb

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Adjective clauses

• a dependent clause that modifies a noun or
  pronoun.
• The salesman we went yesterday showed us his
  samples.
• usually introduced by relative pronouns.
• Dorothy Sayers wrote many books that were widely
  read

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Simple sentences

• consists of one independent clause with or
  without modifiers but with no dependent clause
  attached to it.
• Nervously biting his fingernails, Harvey
  despaired.
• Simple sentences can be quite elaborate.
• Harvey and his girlfriend, Zelda, puzzled once
  more by the red marks on their papers, despaired
  of ever learning the fine points of grammar.

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Compound sentences

• consists of two or more independent clauses
  joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but.
  for, nor, or, so, and yet) or a semicolon.
• Harvey despaired if ever learning the fine points
  of grammar, but Zelda had hope.
• offers you the advantage of balance and
  antithesis.

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Complex sentences

• contains one independent clause and one or more
  dependent clauses.
• Although Harvey despaired of ever learning the
  fine points of grammar, Zelda had hope.
• You can arrange complex sentences to produce
  various sentence patterns and to indicate subtle
  relationship between ideas.

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Compound-complex sentences

• contain more than one independent clause and at
  least one dependent clause.
• Because he had never really studied grammar
  before, Harvey thought that he would never learn
  its fine points, but Zelda believed that they
  would be able to master the subject.

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Kinds of Sentences

• Declarative sentence
• My cat likes to sit in the window.
• Interrogative sentence
• Does your cat like to sit in the window?
• Imperative sentence
• Dont let the cat sit in the window. (Command)
• Please let the cat sit in the window. (Request)
• Exclamatory sentence
• The cat cant sit in the window, shell fall.