Reproduction

1
Reproduction
I. Asexual reproduction - a new organism is
produced from a ______________ _________________.
single parent
A. Mitosis - __________ _______________ which
takes place in a series of steps directed by the
________________________ in the
_____________________
Cell division
chromosomes
nucleus
growth development
1. Interphase - the ______________ and
________________ stage of a cells life cycle.
Chromosomes (_______) are ____________________,
but are ______________________ themselves. Then
they become thick and visible as the double
strands are held together at the
___________________.
DNA
invisible
duplicating
centromere
2
2. Prophase - ________________________ are fully
visible. __________________ and nuclear
_________________ disappear.
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
membrane
A. Animal cells - ________________ move to
opposite ends of cell. ____________
_____________ stretch across between the
centrioles.
Centrioles
Spindle fibers
B. Plants do ________ have centrioles.
NOT
3
3. Metaphase - Double strands of
_____________________ line up near the
_______________ of the cell. Each _______________
______ attaches to a ___________ ________.
chromosomes
middle
centromere
spindle fiber
4. Anaphase - Each centromere _______________
and the 2 strands of each chromosome pull
_______________ and pulls to the
_________________ end of the cell.
divides
apart
opposite
4
5. Telophase - __________________ and
_______________ disappear. _____________________
become hard to see. The _____________
______________ forms in each new cell and
the _____________________ forms.
centrioles
fibers
Chromosomes
nuclear membrane
nucleolus
Once the nucleus has divided, the
________________ also separates by pinching off.
________ identical cells form.
cytoplasm
Two
cell plate
In plant cells, a ____________ _____________
forms between the 2 new nuclei. A new __________
____________ forms along the cell plate. Plants
do ________ have centrioles, but DO
have _____________ _______________.
cell wall
NOT
spindle fibers
5
If a single cell undergoes mitosis every 5
minutes, how many cells will result from this
single cell after 1 hour?
Time of cells
Time of cells
0
1
35
128
256
2
40
5
10
45
512
4
1024
15
50
8
2048
20
16
55
4096
32
60
25
64
30

• Mitosis Summary
• Division of _____________, then the __________
• Mitosis produces 2 new ______________ with the
  SAME NUMBER
• of chromosomes as the _________________ cell.
• Humans have ______ chromosomes in most cells.
• Cancer - Abnormal ____________ growth of body
  cells. __________
• is too fast!! This excess of cells forms a
  ________________.

nucleus
cell
nuclei
original
46
rapid
Mitosis
tumor
6
Types of Asexual Reproduction
(where the offspring are genetically
_______________ to the parent - their ________ is
the same!)
identical
DNA
1. Fission - ____________________________________
________ ____________________________________
_______________ Example ___________________
One cell dividing into 2 new individual cells
bacteria
2. Vegetative Propogation - _____________________
_________ ____________________________________
_______________ ______________________________
_____________________
Growing plants from bulbs (ex tulips), potato
eyes (tubers), runners (ex strawberries), etc.
3. Budding - ____________________________________
______ _______________________________________
____________
A smaller cell grows off a larger cell Ex yeast
7
4. Regeneration - _______________________________
________ ____________________________________
_______________ Example ____________________
__________________
A new organism grows from a piece of the parent.
Sponges and starfish
Sexual Reproduction - 2 parents are required to
produce ________________. Sex cells
(_________________) join together to form a new
__________________________. Male gamete
______________________________________ _________
__________________________________ Female
gamete ____________________________________ ___
________________________________________
gametes
offspring
individual
Sperm - (small with a whip-like tail)
Egg - (large with stored food)
Gametes have ______ the number of chromosomes
as a regular _________ ___________. Gametes are
formed during _________.
1/2
body cell
meiosis
8
4
unpaired
Meiosis - Produces ____ cells with one set of
_____________ chromosomes.
1. Meiosis takes place in the ______________
_____________. A. Sperm in the ___________ or
______________ B. Egg in ______________ or
________________
Reproductive organs
testes
stamen
ovary
pistil
2. Two divisions of the nucleus A. Meiosis
I 1. Prophase I - one parent cell with
_____ pairs of
double-stranded ___________________.
___________ ________________ appear.
2
chromosomes
Spindle fibers
___________ ____________and ____________ disappea
r.
Nuclear membrane nucleolus
9
2. Metaphase I - Pairs of __________________
line up with __________________ at the middle of
the __________ _____________________.
chromosomes
centromeres
spindle
fibers
3. Anaphase I each ____________
____________ chromosome separates from
its matching chromosome and is pulled __________
to ______________ ends of the cell.
double stranded
apart
opposite
10
Telophase I - ________________ divides and
_______ cells form. Each chromosome is a
____________ strand.
Cytoplasm
two
double
B. Meiosis II - Each resulting nucleus has _____
the chromosomes of the original cell.
1/2
1. Prophase II 2. Metaphase II 3. Anaphase II 4.
Telophase II - 2 _______ cells form from the ____
cells from ____________________. Each of the ____
cells is a ________________.
more
2
Telophase I
4
gamete
11
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Haploid - having 1/2 the number of chromosomes as
a body cell Ex Human gametes have 23 chromosomes
(Haploid 23)
Diploid - the number of chromosomes in a regular
body cell Ex Human body cells have 46
chromosomes (Diploid 46)
12
Sexual Reproduction - 2 gametes (________ and
___________) join together (in the process of
____________________) to form a fertilized egg
(______________). The sperm and egg each carry
_____ the genetic information for the new
individual. The fertilized egg carries genetic
information from ________________________.
egg sperm
fertilization
zygote
1/2
each
parent
2.1d ___________ the genes come from each
______________. Sexually produced offspring are
________ ______________ to either parent.
Half
parent
NOT identical
Through cell division, organisms 1. 2. 3.
grow
replace wornout or damaged cells
produce whole new organisms
13
Reproduction
I. Asexual reproduction - a new organism is
produced from a ______________ _________________.
A. Mitosis - __________ _______________ which
takes place in a series of steps directed by the
________________________ in the
_____________________
1. Interphase - the ______________ and
________________ stage of a cells life cycle.
Chromosomes (_______) are ____________________,
but are ______________________ themselves. Then
they become thick and visible as the double
strands are held together at the
___________________.
14
2. Prophase - ________________________ are fully
visible. __________________ and nuclear
_________________ disappear.
A. Animal cells - ________________ move to
opposite ends of cell. ____________
_____________ stretch across between the
centrioles.
B. Plants do ________ have centrioles.
15
3. Metaphase - Double strands of
_____________________ line up near the
_______________ of the cell. Each _______________
______ attaches to a ___________ ________.
4. Anaphase - Each centromere _______________
and the 2 strands of each chromosome pull
_______________ and pulls to the
_________________ end of the cell.
16
5. Telophase - __________________ and
_______________ disappear. _____________________
become hard to see. The _____________
______________ forms in each new cell and
the _____________________ forms.
Once the nucleus has divided, the
________________ also separates by pinching off.
________ identical cells form.
In plant cells, a ____________ _____________
forms between the 2 new nuclei. A new __________
____________ forms along the cell plate. Plants
do ________ have centrioles, but DO
have _____________ _______________.
17
If a single cell undergoes mitosis every 5
minutes, how many cells will result from this
single cell after 1 hour?
Time of cells
Time of cells

• Mitosis Summary
• Division of _____________, then the __________
• Mitosis produces 2 new ______________ with the
  SAME NUMBER
• of chromosomes as the _________________ cell.
• Humans have ______ chromosomes in most cells.
• Cancer - Abnormal ____________ growth of body
  cells. __________
• is too fast!! This excess of cells forms a
  ________________.

18
Types of Asexual Reproduction
(where the offspring are genetically
_______________ to the parent - their ________ is
the same!)
1. Fission - ____________________________________
________ ____________________________________
_______________ Example ___________________
2. Vegetative Propogation - _____________________
_________ ____________________________________
_______________ ______________________________
_____________________
3. Budding - ____________________________________
______ _______________________________________
____________
19
4. Regeneration - _______________________________
________ ____________________________________
_______________ Example ____________________
__________________
Sexual Reproduction - 2 parents are required to
produce ________________. Sex cells
(_________________) join together to form a new
__________________________. Male gamete
______________________________________ _________
__________________________________ Female
gamete ____________________________________ ___
________________________________________
Gametes have ______ the number of chromosomes
as a regular _________ ___________. Gametes are
formed during _________.
20
Meiosis - Produces ____ cells with one set of
_____________ chromosomes.
1. Meiosis takes place in the ______________
_____________. A. Sperm in the ___________ or
______________ B. Egg in ______________ or
________________
2. Two divisions of the nucleus A. Meiosis
I 1. Prophase I - one parent cell with
_____ pairs of
double-stranded ___________________.
___________ ________________ appear.
___________ ____________and ____________ disappea
r.
21
2. Metaphase I - Pairs of __________________
line up with __________________ at the middle of
the __________ _____________________.

3. Anaphase I each ____________
____________ chromosome separates from
its matching chromosome and is pulled __________
to ______________ ends of the cell.
22
Telophase I - ________________ divides and
_______ cells form. Each chromosome is a
____________ strand.
B. Meiosis II - Each resulting nucleus has _____
the chromosomes of the original cell.
1. Phrophase II 2. Metaphase II 3. Anaphase II 4.
Telophase II - 2 _______ cells form from the ____
cells from ____________________. Each of the ____
cells is a ________________.
23
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
24
Sexual Reproduction - 2 gametes (________ and
___________) join together (in the process of
____________________) to form a fertilized egg
(______________). The sperm and egg each carry
_____ the genetic information for the new
individual. The fertilized egg carries genetic
information from ________________________.
2.1d ___________ the genes come from each
______________. Sexually produced offspring are
________ ______________ to either parent.
Through cell division, organisms 1. 2. 3.