Women

1
Womens movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

• Paige Z. Ahap KLM
• Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
• Edited by Ms. Levi

2

• How does the womens movement of the 1920s
  compare with the womens movement of the 1960s?

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1920s
4
Background

• Historically, women have been considered
  intellectually inferior to men.
• They were seen as major sources of temptation and
  evil.
• Women were also considered naturally weaker than
  men

5

• Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of
  wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a
  perilous object.
• -- St. Jerome, a 4th-c
  Latin father of the
  Christian church

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Flappers
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Flappers

• These women challenged traditional American
  values.
• Characteristics of a Flapper
• Short, bobbed hair
• Short hems on their skirts
• Listened to Jazz music
• Wore makeup
• Drank hard liquor
• Smoked cigarettes
• Treating sex in a more casual manner
• Were opposed to the conventional social and
  sexual norms

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19th Amendment

• The right of citizens of the United States to
  vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
  United States or by any State on account of sex.
  Congress shall have power to enforce this article
  by appropriate legislation.
• It was ratified on August 18th, 1920.

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Alice Paul

• She was the head of National Womens Party.
• Felt that the 19th Amendment wasnt enough.
• Pushed for an Equal Rights Amendment to be added
  to the constitution.

January 11th, 1885- July 9th, 1977
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The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

• Men and women shall have equal rights
  throughout the United States and every place
  subject to its jurisdiction.
• It was first introduced to Congress in 1923.
• Made all forms of discrimination based on sex
  illegal.
• Never passed in Congress.

12
Margaret Sanger

• In 1921, she founded the American Birth Control
  League (ABCL)
• Today known as Planned Parenthood
• In 1923, she established the Clinical Research
  Bureau.
• The first legal birth control clinic in the U.S.
• Women were then able to control their own bodies.
• This movement educated women about existing
  birth control methods.
• A 1936, a Supreme Court decision declassified
  birth control information as obscene.

13

• Woman was created to be man's helpmeet, but
  her unique role is in conception . . . since for
  other purposes men would be better assisted by
  other men."
• --Thomas Aquinas, 13th century
  Christian theologian

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Adkins v. Childrens Hospital 1923

• The Supreme Court decided that a minimum wage for
  women violated the right to freedom of contract.

William Howard Taft was the Chief Justice
15
Womens Bureau of the Department of Labor

• In 1920, the Women's Bureau of the Department of
  Labor was established to gather information about
  the situation of women at work, and to advocate
  for changes it found were needed.
• Many suffragists became actively involved with
  lobbying for legislation to protect women workers
  from abuse and unsafe conditions.

16
Pink Collared Jobs

• Gave women a taste of the work world.
• Low paying service occupations.
• Made less money than men did doing the same jobs.
• Examples of jobs
• Secretaries
• Teachers
• Telephone operators
• Nurses

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Pink Collared Jobs

• Women were confined to traditional feminine
  fields in the work force.
• The new professional women was the most vivid
  and widely publicized image in the 1920s.
• But in reality, most middle class married women
  remained at home to care for their children.

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1928 Olympics

• These were the first Olympics that women were
  allowed to compete in.
• There were many arguments about these actions.
• Some argued that it was historically
  inappropriate since women did not compete in
  ancient Greek Olympics.
• Others said that physical competition was
  injurious to women.

The 1928 Dutch Womens Gymnastics team. They won
the gold medal in the group event.
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Education

• By 1928, women were earning 39 of the college
  degrees given in the United States.
• It had risen from the original 19 it was at the
  beginning of the century.
• Example
• In 1926, Sarah Lawrence College was founded as an
  all girls school

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1960s
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Background

• The Women's Rights Movement of the 1960s was a
  second wave of activism.
• The women's movement of the 1960s drew
  inspiration from the civil rights movement
• It was made up of members of the middle class
• It was also caused by the sexual revolution of
  the 1960s
• Sparked by the development of the birth-control
  pill in 1960

Martin Luther King Jr. giving his"I Have A
Dream, 1963
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Background Cont

• Sexual assault and domestic violence became
  central targets of women's activism
• The crime of rape begins to increase in numbers
• Rape is sex without consent, both legally and
  socially
• Susan Brownmiller's book, Against Her Will,
  examines the history of rape
• Feminists work to create domestic violence
  shelters and rape crisis hotlines
• Feminism
• Theory of political, economic, and social
  equality of men and women.

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1950

• Women were expected to
• Bethe perfect housewife
• Care for children, husband, home
• Help husband in his career

• After WWII Women
• Went to college
• entered the workforce
• Found job prospects in the 1950s by
• Expecting to work until marriage
• Employers did not invest in training for women
  because they did not remain long in the work
  force
• Always paid less than men - persists today
• Women sometimes not hired at all

24
National Organization for Women (NOW)

• Founded in 1966.
• Founded by a group of people, including Betty
  Friedan, and Rev. Pauli Murray.
• The first African-American woman Episcopal
  priest.
• Betty Friedan became the organization's first
  president.

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NOW (cont.)

• The goal of NOW is to bring about equality for
  all women.
• They campaigned to gain passage of the ERA
  amendment at the state level.
• Issues NOW deals with
• works to eliminate discrimination and harassment
  in the workplace, schools, and the justice
  system.
• secure abortion, birth control and reproductive
  rights for all women
• end all forms of violence against women
• eradicate racism, sexism and homophobia
• promote equality and justice in society.

26
Rachel Carson

• May 27th, 1907- April 14th, 1964

• Wrote the controversial book, Silent Spring
• It says that pesticides are destroying wildlife
  and endangering humanity.

May 27th, 1907- April 14th, 1964
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Betty Friedan

• Wrote the book, Feminine Mystique in 1963.
• In her book, she depicted the roles of women in
  industrial societies.
• She focused most of her attention on the
  housewife role of women.
• She referred to the problem of gender roles as
  "the problem without a name".
• The book became a bestseller and was the cause
  for the second wave of feminism in the 60s.

Feb. 4th, 1921- Feb. 4th, 2006
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• The problem that has no namewhich is simply the
  fact that American women are kept from growing to
  their full human capacitiesis taking a far
  greater toll on the physical and mental health of
  our country than any known disease.
• -- Betty Friedan

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Shirley Chisholm

• November 30, 1924 to January 1, 2005

• In 1968 Shirley Chisholm of New York was the
  first black woman elected to the House of
  Representatives.

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First national Commission on the Status of Women

• President Kennedyestablished the firstnational
  Commissionon the Status of Women in 1961.
• In 1963 the commission issued a report detailing
  employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal
  inequality, and insufficient support services for
  working women.

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Equal Pay Act 1963

• It is the first federal law prohibiting sexual
  discrimination.
• In 1963 the average female workers wages in the
  United States were equivalent to 58.9 of the
  average male workers earnings.
• It abolished wage differences based on sex.
• No employer having employees subject to any
  provisions of this section section 206 of title
  29 of the United States Code shall discriminate,
  within any establishment in which such employees
  are employed, between employees on the basis of
  sex by paying wages to employees in such
  establishment at a rate less than the rate at
  which he pays wages to employees of the opposite
  sex in such establishment for equal work on
  jobs --
  Equal Pay Act

32
The Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Passed in 1964.
• It banned discrimination on the basis of color,
  race, national origin, religion, or sex.
• Section VII set up the Equal Employment
  Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce the act.

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Presidential Executive Order 11246

• It was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on
  September 24th, 1965
• It prohibited bias against women in hiring by
  federal government contractors.
• Prohibits federal contractors and federally
  assisted construction contractors and
  subcontractors, who do over 10,000 in Government
  business in one year from discriminating in
  employment decisions on the basis of race, color,
  religion, sex, or national origin."

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Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

• Estelle Griswold was the executive director of
  Planned Parenthood League.
• The case involved a Connecticut law that
  prohibited the use of contraceptives.
• Ruled that the Constitution protected a right to
  privacy.
• Found that Connecticut should allow married
  couples to use birth control.

Chief Justice Earl Warren (top), Estelle Griswold
(right)
35
1973 Roe vs Wade

• Legalized abortions during first trimester
• The first trimester of pregnancy is week 1
  through week 12, or about 3 months.
• Still restrictions later in pregnancy

36
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

• Proposed amendment to Constitution that would
  outlaw discrimination based on sex
• Passed by Congress in 1972
• Was not ratified by required number of states
• Growing conservative opposition to radical
  feminism.
• 1980s forward the new conservatism

• New Conservatism
• "new conservatives" criticized "creeping
  socialism" of Eisenhower, and advocated for the
  return to traditional moral standards.
• Opposed the womens rights movement and claimed
  some women were happy in the home, men were often
  hostile, African Americans rights still lacking.

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The End
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Works Cited

• "1920s." Women of the Century. 2006. Discovery
  Channel. 1 June 2007 lthttp//school.discovery.com
  /schooladventures/womenofthecentury/decade bydecad
  e/1920s.htmlgt.
• 1928 Olympics. 1928. Amsterdam. The Holocaust. 1
  June 2007 lthttp//www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/on
  line/olympics/zcd078.htmgt.
• "1960s." Women of the Century. 2006. Discovery
  Channel. 1 June 2007 lthttp//school.discovery.com
  /schooladventures/womenofthecentury/decade bydecad
  e/1960s.htmlgt.
• "Alice Paul Feminist, Suffragist and Political
  Strategist." Alice Paul Institute. 23 May 2007.
  31 May 2007 lthttp//www.alicepaul.org/alicepaul.ht
  mgt.
• Bachir, John J. Betty Friedan. 2006. JJB Blog. 4
  June 2007 lthttp//blog.johnjosephbachir.org/tag/f
  reedomgt.
• "Betty Friedan." Women of the Hall. 1993.
  National Women's Hall of Fame. 4 June 2007
  lthttp//www.greatwomen.org/women.php?actionviewon
  eid62gt.
• Chapin. "Two's Company, Three's a Crowd."
  Cartoon. Literary Digest. 6 June
  2007lthttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageTwo27s_C
  ompany2C_Three 27s_a Crowd.jpggt.
• "Chisholm, Shirley Anita." Biographical Directory
  of the United States Congress. 2005. 7 June
  2007lthttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodispl
  ay. pl?indexC000371gt.
• Corbis-Bettmann. Rachel Carson. 1963. Carson,
  Rachel. 1 June 2007 lthttp//www.pollutionissues.c
  om/Br-Co/Carson-Rachel-Scientist-Ecologist- Writer
  -of-Silent-Spring-1907-1964.htmlgt.
• Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living
  the Legacy the Women's Rights Movement 1848 -
  1998." Women's Rights Movement. 1998. 5 June 2007
  lthttp//www.legacy98.org/move-hist.htmlgt.

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Works Cited Cont

• "Equal Rights Amendment." National Organization
  of Women. 2007. NOW. 19 May 2007
  lthttp//www.now.org/issues/economic/eratext.htmlgt.
  
• "Flapper Culture Style." The Jazz Age. 2001. 1
  June 2007 lthttp//www.geocities.com/flapper_cultu
  re/gt.
• Graduation. 1926. Historical Timeline of the
  University of Idaho. University of Idaho. 1 June
  2007 lthttp//www.lib.uidaho.edu/special- collectio
  ns/timeline.htmgt.
• Griswold V. Connecticut. Warren Court. 7 June
  1965. 7 June 2007 lthttp//www.oyez.org/cases/1960
  -1969/1964/1964_496/gt.
• Lewis, Jone J. "Women's History." About.Com.
  2001. New York Times. 15 May 2007
  lthttp//womenshistory.about.com/library/pic/1913/b
  l_p_191307.htmgt.
• Mount, Steve. "U.S Constitution- Amendment 19."
  The U.S. Constitution Online. 2007. 31 May 2007
  lthttp//www.usconstitution.net/xconst_Am19.htmlgt.
  
• "NOW." National Organization for Women. 4 June
  2007 lthttp//www.now.org/gt.
• "Sports Track Field--the 1928 Olympics."
  HerStory. 2007. 1 June 2007 lthttp//library2.usas
  k.ca/herstory/field.htmlgt.
• "The Equal Pay Act of 1963." Essortment. 2002. 5
  June 2007 lthttp//nc.essortment.com/equalpayact_r
  vwx.htmgt.
• Tranter, John. Mother, NéE Anne Katherine Brown,
  Circa 1920. 1920. Australia. JohnTrater.com. 31
  May 2007lthttp//johntranter.com/interviewed/2001li
  lley .phpgt.
• "WomenS Rights." Encarta. 2007. MSN. 1 June 2007
  lthttp//encarta.msn.com/ encyclopedia_761574034_2
  /Womens_Rights.htmlgt.