Ch 29 The Collapse of the Old Order

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Ch 29 The Collapse of the Old Order

• 19291949

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The Stalin Revolution
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Five-Year Plans

• Stalin set about the task of industrializing the
  Soviet Union in such a way as to increase the
  power of the Communist Party domestically and to
  increase the power of the Soviet Union in
  relation to other countries.

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Industrial Production

• Emphasis on development of major industries (oil,
  coal, steel, electricity)
• Lack of attention to production of consumer goods
  (housing, clothing, furniture)
• Persistent shortages
• Use of forced labor to meet industrial targets

Steel workers
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Collectivization of Agriculture

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vFcumJNNX0qc

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• The Second Five-Year Plan (19331937) was
  originally intended to increase the output of
  consumer goods
• However fear of the Nazi regime in Germany
  prompted Stalin to shift the emphasis to heavy
  industries and armaments.

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Terror and Opportunities

• industrialization and collectivization
• threats and force.
• Stalin used the NKVD (secret police) in order to
  create a climate of terror

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• Many Soviet citizens supported Stalins regime in
  spite of the fear and hardships.
• Stalinism created
• new opportunities for women to join the
  workforce
• obedient, unquestioning people to rise within the
  ranks of the Communist Party,

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• In the late 1930s the contrast between the
  economic strength of the Soviet Union and the
  Depression troubles of the capitalist nations
  gave many the impression that Stalins planned
  economy was a success.

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The Depression
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Economic Crisis

• New York stock market October 29, 1929 caused a
  chain reaction in which
• consumers cut their purchases
• companies laid off workers
• small farms failed.

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• On the international scale, the stock-market
  collapse led New York banks to recall their loans
  to Germany and Austria, thus ending their payment
  of reparations to France and Britain, who then
  could not repay their war loans to the United
  States

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• In the United States, Britain, and France,
  governments used economic programs.
• In Germany and Japan, radical politicians devoted
  their economies to military build-up,

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Depression in Nonindustrial Regions

• The Depression spread to Asia, Africa, and Latin
  American
• India and China were not dependent on foreign
  trade and thus were little affected.
• In Latin America the Depression led to the
  establishment of military dictatorships

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• Southern Africa boomed during the 1930s.
• The increasing value of gold and the relatively
  cheaper copper deposits of Northern Rhodesia and
  the Belgian Congo led to a mining boom that
  benefited European and South African mine owners.

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The Rise of Fascism
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Mussolinis Italy

• In postwar Italy thousands of unemployed veterans
  and violent youths banded together in fasci di
  combattimento to demand action,
• Benito Mussolini, a former socialist, became
  leader of the Fascist Party and used the fasci di
  combattimento to force the government to appoint
  him to the post of prime minister.

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• In power, Mussolini installed Fascist Party
  members in all government jobs and crushed all
  sources of opposition.
• Mussolini and the Fascist movement excelled at
  propaganda and glorified war

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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vq7CT5TDwxEc

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Hitlers Germany

• Germany had been hard-hit by
• Treaty of Versailles
• The hyperinflation of 1923, and the Depression.
• So who do you blame?

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• socialists, Jews, and foreigners

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ADOLF HITLER
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION

• What led to Adolf Hitlers rise to power and the
  Nazis ruling Germany?

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A DICTATOR IS BORN

• Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, near
  Linz, Austria on April 20, 1889

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KLARA and ALOIS THE PARENTS OF A MONSTER
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HITLER AS A YOUTH
Adolf was an intelligent child, but a poorly
performing student, both of Adolfs parents died
when he was a teenager, leaving him with a modest
inheritance Adolf sought to become an artist
LEFT Hitler at age 13 BELOW Hitler, part of a
church choir group
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THE YEARS IN VIENNA

• In January 1908, the 19 year old Adolf moved to
  the city of Vienna, the capital of Austria
• Adolf tries to enter the Academy of Arts, but is
  rejected his audition painting was deemed not
  good enough

THE ACADEMY OF ARTS IN VIENNA
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SAMPLES OF HITLERS ART
This 1914 painting is titled"The Courtyard of
the Old Residency in Munich."
A 1914 painting "Ruins of a Cloister
in Messines."
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ONE OF HITLERS GREAT LOVES THE MUSIC
OF RICHARD WAGNER

• Adolf enjoyed the opera music of Richard Wagner,
  whose stirring music glorified Germany and often
  had warlike themes (such as Ride of the
  Valkyries)
• Wagners music had a profound effect on the
  young Adolf Hitler

GERMAN COMPOSER RICHARD WAGNER
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FIRST EXPOSURE TO POLITICS
KARL LUEGER
GEORG VON SCHOENERER
Galician Jews are present in Vienna. As with much
of Europe, there are anti-Semitic feelings in
Vienna (it was Adolfs first exposure to
anti-Semitism). The politics of Georg von
Schoenerer (an anti-Semite) and Viennas mayor,
Karl Lueger (who said the public would do without
freedoms for security), would have an influence
on young Hitler.
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POLITICIZATION OF HITLER
It is while living in Vienna that Adolf first
learns of the ideas of mystical German
nationalism and the Aryan ideal these ideas
would shape the Nazi ideology decades later, as
exemplified in this 1930s poster
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When World War I breaks out, Adolf Hitler finds a
purpose he volunteers to be a soldier for the
country he adored Germany
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• WARTIME SERVICE

• Hitler served as a dispatch runner (messenger)
  on the Western Front, carrying messages from
  headquarters to the trenches by bicycle.
• It was often a dangerous assignment Hitler was
  wounded twice in one week in 1916 and sent to
  Germany to recover.
• Awarded medals for bravery (including the Iron
  Cross), he returned to fight in 1917.

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AN ANGRY YOUNG MAN

• Adolf Hitler never forgot the humiliation that
  Germany was served at the hands of the Allies.

Corporal Hitler (right) with two fellow German
soldiers, one of whom is missing a leg
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• As he recovered at a Stettin hospital from
  eye injuries suffered in an Allied poison gas
  attack in Ypres, Hitler heard about Germanys
  defeat. His reaction
• The burning in my eyes could not match the
  hate burning in my heart. From that moment, I
  knew I should enter politics.

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GERMANY AFTER THE GREAT WAR (1919-1923)

• Many Germans were disillusioned after the defeat
  in the Great War and hated the democratic
  government that took power after WWI (the Weimar
  Republic)
• Ex-soldiers like Hitler felt that they had been
  stabbed in the back by Jews and Communists back
  home in Germany they felt that they had not been
  defeated on the battlefield

An anti-Communist poster
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A SOLDIER WITHOUT A WAR

• Hitler learned of the Germans destiny as the
  master race and of the economic conspiracy of
  the worlds Jews against the Fatherland
• Hitler, now 30 years old, also discovered while
  at Munich that he had a flair for public
  speaking, delivering several passionate speeches
  at the local university and transfixing audiences

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PARTY MEMBER 55

• Hitler agreed with the Nazis partys views and
  became a member in 1920
• Later on, he became a party leader, recruiting
  many German soldiers from his barracks Hitlers
  goal was to seize the German Workers Party and
  reshape it to his own ends

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THE NAZI PARTY
With Hitler becoming its new leader, the German
Workers Party later became the National
Socialist German Workers Party (in German
Nazional Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter
Partei). The partys name was abbreviated as
NSDAP and shortened to Nazi
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THE SWASTIKA
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NAZI USE OF THE SWASTIKA

• The swastika is an ancient symbol that has been
  used for over 3,000 years by many cultures,
  representing life, strength, and good luck.

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HITLER ON TRIAL FOR SEDITION

• In February 1924, Hitler was brought to trial.
• The trial was a political circus the judge was
  sympathetic to Hitler and allowed him to express
  his political views.
• Hitler made statements during the trial that made
  him well-known nationally and increased his
  popularity with Germans.

Hitler and several of his fellow Nazis during a
break in the trial

• Charged of treason against the unpopular Weimar
  Republic, Hitler proclaimed There is no such
  thing as treason against the traitors of 1918.

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MEIN KAMPF MY STRUGGLE

• Hitler received a light sentence and only served
  9 months in a minimum security prison. He spent
  most of his time writing his autobiography.
• Mein Kampf expressed Hitlers beliefs
• Two of the major issues he addressed in Mein
  Kampf were
• Lebensraum (living space) Germany must take
  over other countries, especially Russia, for the
  use of the German master race.
• 2. Anti-Semitism inferior races, especially the
  Jews, must be destroyed.

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When times are badpeople turn to extremes for
answers
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The Nazis Power Increases
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CHANCELLOR HITLER

• The aging German President Paul von Hindenburg
  appoints Hitler as chancellor in January 1933.

• Hitlers power was increasing (over one million
  members of the Nazi Party and 400,000 men in his
  private army), so Hindenburg thought to contain
  the Nazis by offering Hitler a position in the
  government.

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CHANCELLOR HITLER

• When Hindenburg dies of old age, Chancellor
  Hitler takes the Presidents role and power as
  well.
• Combining the titles of president and chancellor,
  Adolf Hitler becomes Der Fuhrer (The Leader)

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THE REICHSTAG FIRE
Within a disaster lay an opportunity for Hitler
an opportunity to eliminate his worst political
enemies the Communists
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ELIMINATING POLITICAL ENEMIES

• On February 27, 1933, a feeble minded Dutch
  Communist named Martinus van der Lubbe set the
  Reichstag (Germanys government) building on fire
• Hitler used this fire as a reason outlaw the
  Communist Party and arrest their leaders
• With the Enabling Act, the Reichstag gave Hitler
  dictatorial powers because of this crisis
• CONSPIRACY The Nazis may have helped start the
  fire in the Reichstag building
• Hitler used his new powers to outlaw all other
  political parties and abolish trade unions
• Hitler was now Der Fuhrer both in name and in
  fact

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ELIMINATING RIVAL NAZIS
June 30, 1934 The Night of the Long Knives
Hitlers black-shirted SS murderers killed over
1000 Nazis who were seen as threats to Hitlers
power in the Nazi Party
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THE THIRD REICH

• The Nazis identified their rule as the
  successor to the Holy Roman Empire (the First
  Reich) and the Bismarck-created German Empire of
  1871 (the Second Reich)
• The Nazis called their new empire the Third
  Reich

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VICIOUS ANTI-SEMITISM

• Hitlers racial views were put in everything
  Germans read or saw
• In this German childrens book, a pious mother
  teaches her little son,
• The Jew is the most poisonous mushroom in
  existence.

The childrens book Der Giftpilz (The Poisonous
Mushroom)
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HITLERS FIERY SPEECHES

• One of the greatest weapons in Hitlers arsenal
  as he battled for power was his ability to
  deliver apocalyptic and convincing speeches
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vOwj7Sg_xJr4

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If the international Jewish financiers in and
outside Europe should succeed in plunging the
nations once more into a world war, then the
result will not be the Bolshevizing of the Earth,
and thus the victory of Jewry, but the
annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!"  
Adolf Hitler on January 30, 1939
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This Nazi propaganda poster reads, Behind the
enemy powers the Jew
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East Asia, 19311945
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The Manchurian Incident of 1931
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The Chinese Communists and the Long March
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vYAPddtJNbEc
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The Sino-Japanese War, 19371945

• On July 7, 1937 Japanese troops attacked Chinese
  forces near Beijing, forcing the Japanese
  government to initiate a full-scale war of
  invasion against China.
• The United States and the League of Nations made
  no efforts to stop the Japanese invasion,

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• In the conduct of the war, the Japanese troops
  proved to be incredibly violent, committing
  severe atrocities when they took Nanjing in the
  winter of 19371938 and initiating a kill all,
  burn all, loot all campaign in 1940.

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• Chiang Kai-shek escaped to the mountains of
  Sichuan, where Chiang built up a large army to
  prepare for future confrontation with the
  Communists.
• In Shaanxi province, Mao built up his army,
  formed a government, and skillfully presented the
  Communist Party as the only group in China that
  was serious about fighting the Japanese.

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The Second World War
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The War of Movement

• World War I was a war of defensive maneuvers, but
  in World War II the introduction of motorized
  weapons gave back the advantage to the offensive,
  as may be seen in Germanys blitzkrieg (lightning
  war) and in American and Japanese use of aircraft
  carriers.

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War in Europe and North Africa

• It took less than a month for Germany to conquer
  Poland.
• After a lull during the winter of 19391940,
  Hitler went on an offensive in March that made
  him the master of all of Europe between Spain and
  Russia by the end of June.

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• Hitlers attempt to invade Britain was foiled by
  the British Royal Air Forces victory in the
  Battle of Britain (JuneSeptember 1940).
• In 1941 Hitler launched a massive invasion of the
  Soviet Union his forces, successful at first,
  were stopped by the winter weather of 19411942
  and finally defeated at Stalingrad in February
  1943.

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• In Africa, the Italian offensive in British
  Somaliland and Egypt, although initially
  successful, was turned back by a British
  counterattack.
• German forces came to assist the Italians, but
  they were finally defeated at Al Alamein in
  northern Egypt by the British, who had the
  advantage of more plentiful weapons and supplies
  and better intelligence.

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War in Asia and the Pacific

• In July 1941 France allowed Japan to occupy
  Indochina the United States and Britain
  responded by stopping shipments of steel, scrap
  iron, oil, and other products that Japan needed.

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• In response, the Japanese chose to go to war,
  hoping that a surprise attack on the United
  States would be so shocking that the Americans
  would accept Japanese control over Southeast Asia
  rather than continuing to fight against Japan.
• Japan attacked American forces at Pearl Harbor on
  December 7, 1941 and proceeded to occupy all of
  Southeast Asia and the Dutch East Indies within
  the next few months.

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• The United States joined Britain and the Soviet
  Union in an alliance called the United Nations
  (or the Allies).
• By June 1942 the United States had destroyed four
  of Japans six largest aircraft carriers
  aircraft carriers were the key to victory in the
  Pacific, and since Japan did not have the
  industrial capacity to replace the carriers, the
  Japanese were now faced with a long and hopeless
  war.

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The End of the War

• By 1943 the Soviet Red Army was receiving
  supplies from factories in Russia and the United
  States.
• The Soviet offensive in the east combined with
  Western invasions of Sicily and Italy in 1943 and
  of France in 1944 to defeat Germany in May 1945.

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• By May 1945 American bombing and submarine
  warfare had devastated the Japanese economy and
  cut Japan off from its sources of raw materials,
  while Asians who had initially welcomed the
  Japanese as liberators from white colonialism
  were now eager to see the Japanese leave.
• The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
  August 1945 convinced Japan to sign terms of
  surrender early the next month.

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Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory

• After the Japanese surrender in September 1945
  the Guomindang and Communist forces began a civil
  war that lasted until 1949.
• The Guomindang had the advantage of more troops
  and weapons and American support, but its brutal
  and exploitative policies and its printing of
  worthless paper money eroded popular support.

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• The Communists built up their forces with
  Japanese equipment gained from the Soviets and
  American equipment gained from deserting
  Guomindang soldiers and won popular support,
  especially in Manchuria, by carrying out a
  radical land reform program.
• On October 1, 1949 Mao Zedong announced the
  founding of the Peoples Republic of China as
  Chiang Kai-sheks Guomindang forces were being
  driven off the mainland to Taiwan.

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The Character of Warfare
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Why was it the War of Science?

• World War II was different from previous wars
  both in its enormous death toll and in the vast
  numbers of refugees that were generated during
  the war.
• The unprecedented scale of human suffering during
  the war was due to a change in moral values and
  to the appearance of new technologies of warfare.

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• Science had a significant impact on the
  technology of warfare.
• This may be seen in the application of scientific
  discoveries to produce synthetic rubber and
  radar, in developments in cryptanalysis and
  antibiotics, in the development of aircraft and
  missiles, and in the United States governments
  organization of physicists and engineers in order
  to produce atomic weapons.

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Whats the importance of bombingf Bombing Raids

• The British and Americans excelled at bombing
  raids that were intended not to strike individual
  buildings, but to break the morale of the
  civilian population.
• Massive bombing raids on German cities caused
  substantial casualties, but armament production
  continued to increase until late 1944, and the
  German people remained obedient and hard-working.

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The Holocaust

• Nazi killings of civilians were part of a
  calculated policy of exterminating whole races of
  people.
• German Jews were deprived of their citizenship
  and legal rights and herded into ghettoes, where
  many died of starvation and disease.
• In early 1942 the Nazis decided to apply modern
  industrial methods in order to slaughter the
  Jewish population of Europe in concentration
  camps like Auschwitz.
• This mass extermination, now called the
  Holocaust, claimed some 6 million Jewish lives.

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Holocaust

• Holocaust is a word of Greek origin meaning
  "sacrifice by fire."

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The Problem

• Based on your prior knowledge, what are some of
  the injustices the Jewish population faced?

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Gathering Evidence

• You will be viewing six photographs and a short
  video
• As you watch please gather evidence of injustices
  that the Jewish population faced during the
  Holocaust.
• Record your observations on the note sheet
  provided.
• We will have a class discussion based on the
  evidence you gathered.

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Evidence SheetTask Directions

• Please use the evidence sheet provided to record
  your observations as you view the following
  slides.
• Evidence Sheet

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Photograph One
Imagine the conditions on those trains. What
would it be like?
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo
Archives
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Photograph Two

• Notice their clothing. What do you see? What
  does that mean?

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo
Archives
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Photograph Three

• What does this picture say about humanity?

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo
Archives
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Photograph Four

• Look at the details of this picture. How are the
  prisoners dressed? How are they standing? What
  inferences can you make?

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo
Archives
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Photograph Five
Based on this photo, what inferences can you make
about the treatment in the camps?
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo
Archives
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Photograph 6
Imagine sleeping in these quarters.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Photo
Archives
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Video

• Link to video from the United States Holocaust
  Memorial Museum website about the liberation of
  death camp known as Auschwitz.
• Video
• Maximize the Real Player video screen to view the
  video.

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Conclusive Statements

• What statements can you make about the treatment
  of the Jewish population based on the evidence
  gathered while looking at the photographs and
  video?

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War and the Environment?