REFORM of EARLY 19th Century

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REFORM of EARLY 19th Century

• Increasing Democracy in America

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America Early 19th Century

• Well established
• Independent, growing nation, DEMOCRACY
• What were the interests of Americans?
• Religion -Personal Freedoms
• Education -Womens Rights
• Transcendentalism -Workers Rights
• Abolition -Health Reform

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Religion and Reform

• 2nd Great Awakening, Transcendentalism

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Religion Sparks Reform

• The Second Great Awakening (1790-1830s)
• Americans movement to re-admit God into their
  daily lives.
• Worked against the evils of society
• Protestant

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Charles G. Finney

• Most famous preacher of the era Father of
  Revivalism
• High drama sermons
• Spread the word about personal salvation
  evangelical
• Elicited strong emotion and attract converts

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Second Great Awakening

• Protestant movement-evangelical Christians up
  membership 200x
• Preparation for 2nd coming of Christ
• US was leading the world into the next
  millennium millennialism
• Tent Revivals-spread across states long sermons
  of rapport (emotion, sin, evils)
• Circuit Riders preachers who sought out people
  in remote locations

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Tension Church and State

• Anyone can be saved, anyone can participate in
  democracy
• Some Americans wanted the govt to encourage
  public morality
• How? Is this legal?
• Sabbatarian Reform Movement

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African American Church

• Strong democratic backing of the church same
  god, black or white
• Worshiped in the same church (segregated)
• South Interpreted as a message of freedom
• East Black churches
• Richard Allen, AMEC
• Political organizations later on, inner support

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New Groups

• 2 New Groups
• Joseph Smith
• Latter Day Saints aka Mormons
• Unitarians
• Trinity v One Being
• Literal interpretation
• Reason, different paths, gradual conversion

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Religion Sparks Discrimination

• By mid 1850s, half of US is Protestant
• Mormons isolated communities
• disliked for certain practices (polygamy)
• Economically powerful, politically strong
• Chased out of Ohio, then Missouri
• Joseph Smith murdered
• Catholics and Jews
• Incompatible with democratic ideals loyal to
  Pope
• Discriminated against due to poverty
• Jews barred from holding office ostracized

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Transcendentalism

• A philosophical and literary movement that
  emphasized living a simple life, finding truth in
  nature, personal emotion, and imagination

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Transcendentalism

• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Started movement
• Henry David Thoreau
• Walden self reliance
• Civil Disobedience peacefully refuse to obey laws

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Ideal Communities

• Utopia perfect place
• Experimental Utopias 50
• New Harmony, ID
• Robert Owen
• 2 years
• Brook Farm, MA
• George Ripley
• 6 years

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One Group Succeeds

• Shakers
• Set up in 1700s, peaks in 1840s
• NH, NY, OH, IL
• Second coming
• Men and women lived in separate houses, no
  children took in orphans
• Flourishing economy

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Create Your Own Utopia!

• Work in PAIRS (aka no more than 2)
• FOLLOW ALL GUIDELINES PROVIDED
• You will have some class time to work on this
  assignment! (Mon-Wed)
• Due Date Monday, April 20th

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Public Reform

• Education and Prison Reform

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Religion impacts Reform

• How does religion play a role in social reform?
• Organized, religious ideals, politics
• Preached followers had a sacred responsibility
  to improve life on earth through reform,
  especially the disadvantaged
• Not all stemmed from religion, but suffering too

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Education

• Colonial times valued education
• Homeschooled
• American Spelling Book-Webster
• Represented Americas honesty and directness
• Ideal of Founding Father-but how?

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Education

• No public school system before mid 1800s
• MA/VT only schools to require school attendance
  before Civil War
• Common School Movements to combat inadequate
  education
• Tax supported
• Optional
• PA 1834

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Thoughts Behind Education

• Expanding education expanding democracy-HOW
• Would promote economic growth by supplying
  knowledgeable workers

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Horace Mann

• Horace Mann humble beginnings
• MA Senator championed for the creation of a
  state board of education
• Chaired the first board in 1837
• State oversight of local schools, calendars, and
  funding

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Education Reform

• Universal public education is the best way to
  turn the nation's unruly children into
  disciplined, judicious, republican citizens
• Established public schools nationwide, training
  for teachers established

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Impact of Mann

• State legislatures set aside funds for free
  public schools
• Resistance
• reluctant taxpayers (often the wealthy)
• Religious based teaching
• Loss of culture
• Women teachers

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Impact on Women

• Women in the school system
• Petitioned legislatures to support education
• Became teachers
• Set up schools to further education for women

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YOU be the REFORMER

• We all seem to think we know about whats wrong
  with education
• Name 3 major problems in Education (nationally,
  locally)
• Pick one of them to be your main focus
• Describe the negative issues you see with this
  main problem
• Come up with 3 practical solutions to the
  problems you discuss.

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Prison Reform

• Mixed the mentally ill with violent offender
• While society in the US gives the example of the
  most extended liberty, the prison offers the
  spectacle of the most complete despotism
• Alexis de Tocquville

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Prison Reform

• Prisoners were confined in this Commonwealth in
  cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained,
  beaten with rods, lashed into obedience."

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Dorothea Dix

• 1841 Began teaching Sunday School in the MA
  prison
• Spend two years vising every prison, homeless
  shelter, and hospital
• Campaigned across the nation for reform

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Dix to MA Legislature

• I tell what I have seen-painful and shocking as
  the details often are-that from them you may feel
  more deeply the imperative obligation which lies
  upon you to prevent the possibility of a
  repetition or continuance of such outrages upon
  humanityI come as the advocate of the helpless,
  forgotten, and insaneMen of Massachusettsraise
  up the fallen, succor the desolate, restore the
  outcast, defend the helpless.

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Prison A place for Penitence

• Pennsylvania System
• Prisoners urged to repent for crimes
• Lived in complete solitary confinement, working
  alone in cells
• Auburn System
• Prisoners worked with one another in strict
  silence
• Individual cells

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Women

• Womens Rights, Health Reform and Temperance

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Problems at Home

• Rapid industrialization caused unsettling change
• Crime
• Sickness
• Neglected families/children
• Too much change panic and stress
• Panic and stressalcohol abuse
• 5 gallons per person

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Temperance Movement

• Temperance drinking alcohol in moderation
• Need for controlling alcohol abuse (3x)
• Pushed for by women(abused)
• Men spending income on it
• Child abuse/no father
• Poster and pamphlets circulated
• Churches, Womens groups
• American Temperance Society
• Urged followers to refrain from drinking alcohol
• Washington Temperance society
• Helped drinkers through dramatic public
  confessions, discussions, and counseling

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Temperance Movement

• Real success when turned into laws
• Neal Dow
• Lectured on alcohol abuse around the nation
• Mayor of Portland, ME in 1851
• Maine Law restricted the sale of alcohol
• States follow Prohibition later on
• 1852 Mary C Vaughan

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Womens Rights

• Had been playing an active role in reform
• Lacked basic legal and economic rights Cult of
  Domesticity
• Could not hold property or office
• No voting, forbidden to speak in public
• No formal or higher education
• Could not serve on juries
• Could not work in most trade/professions
• Paid less than men do the same jobs AND most
  fathers/husbands took the money
• Could not testify in court against husband or
  gain children in a divorce

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Other Cultures in US

• Native Americans, African Americans, Mexican
  Americans
• Matrilineal inheritance of name and property
  through female line
• Women had significant amount of power
• Controlled/influenced work patterns and family
  structure

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Leading Reform Efforts

• 2nd Great Awakening
• Joined/organized churches
• Education
• Catharine Beecher, Emma Willard, Elizabeth
  Blackwell, and Ann Preston
• Prison
• Dorothea Dix
• Temperance
• Affected most by abusive Husbands/fathers

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Women in the Workforce

• 1820s-1830s Industrialization
• New factories, new opportunities for women
• Economic independence, social independence
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vbF7_Z2eu-cY

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The Fight for Rights

• Role in many of the reform movements led to need
  for greater political rights
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
• Seneca Falls Convention Wesleyan Methodist
  Church, 300
• Declaration of Rights similar to Declaration of
  Independence

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Declaration of Independence
Seneca Falls
VS.

• When, in the course of human events, it becomes
  necessary for one portion of the family of man to
  assume among the people of the earth a position
  different from that which they have hitherto
  occupied, but one to which the laws of nature and
  of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to
  the opinions of mankind requires that they should
  declare the causes that impel them to such a
  course.

When in the Course of human events, it becomes
necessary for one people to dissolve the
political bands which have connected them with
another, and to assume among the powers of the
earth, the separate and equal station to which
the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle
them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind
requires that they should declare the causes
which impel them to the separation
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The Fight for Rights

• Women Abolitionists wanted to extend rights to
  slaves
• Sojourner Truth
• Isabell Baumfree
• Slave 30 years
• Preached abolition/womens rights
• Sarah and Angelina Grimke
• Raised money
• Distributed literature
• Petitioned Congress

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Susan B. Anthony

• Worked closely with Elizabeth C. Stanton
• Supported abolition of slavery, the right for
  women to own their own property and retain their
  earnings, and advocated for women's labor
  organizations
• Never married, helped pass 19th Amendment
• Overshadowed by Anti-Slavery Movement

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Womens Movements

• Important firsts
• Emma Willard
• Troy Female Seminary
• Mary Lyon
• Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary Higher Ed
• Elizabeth Blackwell
• First woman to graduate med school doctor

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Womens Movements

• Catharine Beecher
• Fixed womans health (corsets)
• Amelia Bloomer
• Fashion editor-bloomers

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Feminism Today

• What is feminism?
• Equal Pay Day!
• 0.77/1 today
• Emma Watson HeForShe campaign
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vgkjW9PZBRfk

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Abolition

• The Anti-Slavery Movement

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Abolition Movement

• Opposition to slavery in America
• Ranged from moderates ? radicals
• Moderates Gradual
• Radicals immediate with no compensation
• Encouraged by the 2nd Great Awakening
• SlaverySin
• Limited compromise and promoted radicals

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Slavery Spreads

• Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin
• Patents in 1791, slaverymajor institution in
  south
• 1793 Fugitive Slave Act
• 1797-NC enacts re-enslaving law of slaved freed
  during Revolution

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American Colonization Society

• 1817 transport freed slaves to an African colony
• Moderates on board
• Politicians on board
• 1822 est. African American settlement in
  Monrovia, Liberia
• Not practical (1.5-4)
• Only 12,000 settled

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William Lloyd Garrison

• 1831 The Liberator is published
• Start of the radical anti-slavery movement
• Uncompromising over immediate abolition in every
  territory w/o owner compensation

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The Liberator

• I am aware that many object to the severity of
  my language but is there not cause for severity?
  I will be as harsh as truth, and as
  uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do
  not wish to think, or to speak, or write, with
  moderation. No! No! Tell a man whose house is on
  fire to give a moderate alarm tell him to
  moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the
  ravisher tell the mother to gradually extricate
  her babe from the fire into which it has fallen
  but urge me not to use moderation in a cause
  like the present. I am in earnest I will not
  equivocate I will not excuse I will not
  retreat a single inch AND I WILL BE HEARD. The
  apathy of the people is enough to make every
  statue leap from its pedestal, and to hasten the
  resurrection of the dead.

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Radical Groups

• 1833 American Anti-Slavery Society
• Garrison stepped up attacks w/ others
• Condemned/burned the constitution pro-slavery
  document
• No Union with slave holders
• Must repent for sins

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Abolitionists Split

• Garrisons radicalism pushes a divide
• Political Action gt Moral Crusade
• More practical reform
• 1840 Liberty Party is formed
• James Birney runs as presidential candidate 1844
  to end slavery
• Single Interest Group

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Abolition in the South

• Sarah and Angelina Grimke
• Southern sisters fighting against slavery
• FatherCharleston Judge
• First hand accounts of slave mistreatment
• Appealed to women to get involved in the causes

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Black Abolitionists

• Escaped and freed slavesmost convincing critics
• Focused on brutality and degradation
• Most famous
• Frederick Douglass
• Harriet Tubman
• Sojourner Truth
• David Walker
• Nat Turner

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Black Abolitionists

• Frederick Douglass
• Former slave calling for end of slavery
• Followed Garrison and started The North Star
• I am a thief
• Counterexample of how slaves were perceived

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Black Abolitionists

• Harriet Tubman
• Underground Railroad-13 missions trying to get to
  Canada
• The Black Moses
• Womens suffrage movements

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Black Abolitionists

• Escaped with infant daughter, won back son in
  court
• Womens Rights Abolition
• Aint I A Woman? If the first woman God ever
  made was strong enough to turn the world upside
  down all alone, these women together ought to be
  able to turn it back , and get it right side up
  again! And now they is asking to do it, the men
  better let them

• Sojourner Truth

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Violent Abolitionism

• David Walker
• Worked with Henry Highland Garnet
• Argued that slaves should rise up against their
  masters
• Encouraged slaves who were angry and tired of
  waiting for reform

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Violent Abolitionism

• Nat Turner
• 1831 Slave Rebellion in VA killed 55 whites
• Scared Southern slave owners even more about
  abolitionists
• Executed 56 others executed, 200 beaten
• Education stricter, no assembly, strict church
  service
• Ended anti-slavery movement in the South

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