Animal%20Tissues%20and%20Organ%20Systems

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Animal Tissues andOrgan Systems
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Key Concepts

• Types of Animal tissues
• Four tissues types (organized into organs)
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous
• Organ systems
• Embryonic tissues are source of all adult organs
• Each organ system has specialized function

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Stem Cells source of all cell types and tissues

• Undifferentiated cells with potential to develop
  into many cell types
• Embryonic stem cells, more versatile
• Adult stem cells, less versatile

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Body Organization

• Tissue
• Group of cells performing same task
• Organ
• Two or more tissues performing same task or a set
  of tasks within the organ
• Organ system
• Two or more organs performing a major function
  (or set of functions) within the organism

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Tissues

• Groups of cells and intercellular substances that
  interact in one or more tasks
• Example nervous tissue in the retina detect
  light

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Organs

• Group of tissues organized to perform a task or
  set of tasks
• Example Heart is an organ that pumps blood
  through body
• Heart consists of muscle tissue, nervous tissue,
  connective tissue, and epithelial tissue

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Organ Systems

• Groups of organs that interact physically and/or
  chemically to perform a common task or major set
  of functions
• Example Circulatory system includes heart,
  arteries, and other vessels that transport blood
  through the body as well as many other functions

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Homeostasis

• Stable range of operating conditions in the
  internal environment of an organism
• Examples include blood pH, body temp., blood
  pressure, concentrations of electrolytes in the
  fluids of organs
• Brought about by coordinated activities of cells,
  tissues, organs, and organ systems

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4 Types of Animal Tissues

• Epithelial tissues
• Connective tissues
• Muscle tissues
• Nervous tissues

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Type 1 Epithelial Tissues

• Sheet-like, line body surfaces, cavities, ducts,
  and tubes
• Lines, covers, and protects other tissues and
  organs.
• Characterized by
• Cells tightly packed together
• The presence of a cell secretion called the
  basement membrane.
• Named by
• Cell shape
• Other characteristics of the cells.
• Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar are examples of
  Epithelial cell types
• One free surface faces a body fluid or the
  environment

simple squamous epithelium
basement membrane
connective tissue
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Glands

• Secretory organs derived from Epithelial Cells
• Exocrine glands have ducts or tubes
• Salivary and sweat glands
• Mainly secrete to the OUTSIDE of the organism
• Endocrine glands are ductless
• Adrenals and pituitary
• Secrete to the INSIDE of the organism, glandular
  products (mainly hormones) are transported by the
  blood primarily

exo out endo in
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Type 2 Connective Tissues

• Most abundant tissues in the body
• Characterized by the cells widely separated from
  each other in a matrix that is produced by the
  cells.
• Tissue protects and supports.
• Cell Matrix composed of two regions
• Ground
• Liquid (sol), Gel, Gum or solid
• Fibers
• Non-elastic ( white or Collagen)
• Elastic ( yellow fibers)
• Specialized
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Adipose (fat)
• Blood

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Living Bone Tissue
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Soft Connective Tissues

• Loose connective tissue
• Dense, irregular connective tissue
• Dense, regular connective tissue

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Vascular Tissue (Blood)

• Liquid matrix plasma
• 90 water
• 10Plasma proteins, electrolytes, hormones,
  oxygen, glucose etc.
• Cellular elements
• Erythrocytes -48 billion (female) to 54 billion
  (male) cell / ml of blood in humans. Mammals are
  unnucleated while rest of the vertebrates they
  have nuclei
• Leukocytes -about 7.5 million / ml of blood
• Platelets -blood clotting

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Blood Cell Types
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white blood cell
platelet
red blood cell
Fig. 20-3g, p.342
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Type 3 Muscle Tissue

• Cells contract when stimulated
• Moves body and specific body parts
• 2 types, 3 classes
• Striated
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Not striated
• Smooth

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Skeletal Muscle

• Attaches to and moves bones
• Long, cylindrical cells
• Striated cells
• Voluntary control

nucleus
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Cardiac Muscle

• Present only in heart
• Cells are branching
• Ends joined by communication junctions
• Cells striated
• Not under voluntary control

where cells meet
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Smooth Muscle

• Located in soft internal organs (uterus, stomach
  and intestines) and blood vessels
• Cells taper at ends
• Cells not striated
• Not under voluntary control

cell nucleus
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Type 4 Nervous Tissue

• Detects stimuli, integrates information, and
  relays commands for response
• Consists of excitable neurons and supporting
  cells

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Neurons

• Excitable cells
• This means that
• Stimulus sends electrical impulse along plasma
  membrane because of specific proteins
• This allows the cells to
• Transmit information to other neurons, muscles or
  glands

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Neuron Anatomy
http//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/theneuron.html
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11 Major Organ Systems

• Integumentary
• Nervous
• Muscular
• Skeletal
• Circulatory
• Endocrine

• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

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11 Major Organ Systems
Nervous System
Muscular System
Skeletal System
Circulatory System
Endocrine System
Integumentary System
Fig. 20-6, p.344a1
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11 Major Organ Systems
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Fig. 20-6a2, p.344
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Animal Organ Systems
System Major Component Function
Integumentary Skin External Protection Production of hair, oils, sweat
Skeletal Bones Support Protection of organs Production of blood cells
Muscular Skeletal Muscles Movement
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Animal Organ Systems contd
System Major Component Function
Nervous Brain and Nerves Integration of sensory and responses through electrical impulses Storage of knowledge
Endocrine Endocrine Glands Integration of chemical communication in the body
Circulatory Heart and Blood Vessels Transport of nutrients, wastes, antibodies and hormones
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Animal Organ Systems contd
System Major Component Function
Respiratory Lungs or Gills Gas Exchange
Digestive Gastrointestinal Tract Nutrient Acquisition Digestion of food Egestion of solid wastes
Urinary Kidneys Nitrogenous Waste Elimination
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Skin An Organ SystemIntegumentary

• Epidermis Stratified epithelium
• Dermis Dense connective tissues
• Hypodermis Loose connective tissue and adipose
  tissue

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Functions of Human Skin

• Protects body from injury, dehydration, UV
  radiation, and some pathogens
• Helps control temperature
• Receives external stimuli
• Involved in vitamin D production

Important stuff, this
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Sun Damages Skin

• UV light stimulates melanin production
• tans skin
• Tan protects inner layers against UV damage
• UV exposure causes
• elastin fibers to clump
• skin to age prematurely
• skin cancer

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Human Skeletal System

• Functions
• Framework and support
• Protection
• Storage
• Joints and ligaments

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Human Skeleton Diagram
Phalanges
Phalanges
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Compact Bone Tissue
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Human Muscular System

• Functions
• Movement
• Warmth
• Posture
• Muscles can contract, stretch and respond to
  stimuli

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Human Muscular System Diagram
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Human Circulatory System

• Transports nutrients, gases, wastes, water, and
  hormones and also distributes heat
• Structures of circulatory system
• Heart
• Vessels
• Blood
• Lymphatic system

Erythrocytes
White blood cells
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Diagram of Human Heart
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Human Respiratory System

• Respiration is gas exchange between an organism
  and the environment
• Respiratory structures include the nose, pharynx,
  larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

Exhalation
Inhalation
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Human Respiratory System Diagram
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Human Digestive System

• Digestion is the breakdown of nutrients to a
  level that can be used by cells of the body.
• Structures
• GI tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
  small intestine, large intestine)
• Accessory (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver,
  gall bladder, pancreas)

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Human Digestive System Diagram
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Digestive System Leopard Frog
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Human Excretory System

• Excretion is the removal of wastes from the body,
  including
• toxic chemicals, excess water, carbon dioxide and
  salts, nitrogenous wastes.
• Excretory Organs
• Skin
• Lungs
• Kidneys

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Human Urinary System Diagram
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Human Reproductive System

• Produces gametes (eggs and sperm)
• Fertilization produces zygote
• Male Reproductive System
• Testes
• Epididymus, vas deferens, urethra, seminal
  vesicle, prostate gland
• Female Reproductive System
• Ovary
• Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

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Human Endocrine System

• The endocrine system consists of glands that
  produce hormones.
• Hormones are chemical messengers that travel
  through the blood stream and affect activities
  throughout the body.

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Human Endocrine System Diagram
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Human Nervous System

• Controls and coordinates functions throughout the
  body
• Neurons are specialized cells that transmit
  impulses throughout the body.

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Fight or Flight Response

• our body's automatic, inborn response that
  prepares the body to "fight" or "flee" from
  perceived attack, harm or threat

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What happens?

• brain recognizes threat (nervous system)
• Chemicals are released into the bloodstream
  (circulatory system, endocrine system)
• Breathing and heart rate increases (respiratory
  system, circulatory system)
• Blood is directed away from our digestive tract
  and directed into our muscles and limbs, which
  require extra energy and fuel for running and
  fighting (digestive system and locomotion system)
• Our pupils dilate. Our awareness intensifies. Our
  sight sharpens. Our impulses quicken. Our
  perception of pain diminishes. (nervous system)
• Our immune system mobilizes with increased
  activation (immune system)

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Does it ever end?

• By its very design, the fight or flight response
  leads us to fight or to fleeboth creating
  immense amounts of muscle movement and physical
  exertion. This physical activity effectively
  metabolizes the stress hormones released as a
  result of the activation of our fight or flight
  response. Once the fighting is over, and the
  threatwhich triggered the responsehas been
  eliminated, our body and mind return to a state
  of calm.

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Plant Organ Systems

• In plants there are 3 organ systems
• Roots everything below ground
• Seeks and gathers water/nutrients from the soil
• Shoots everything above ground
• Seeks like and adds height
• The Reproductive System the flower
• Allows for sexual reproduction

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• Together the roots and shoots allow for
  transpiration the evaporation of water from the
  leaves and stem of plants