INFECTION%20PREVENTION%20AND%20CONTROL

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INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
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SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE BASE

• ENTRY AND MULTIPLICATION OF ORGANISM RESULTS IN
  DISEASE
• COLONIZATION OCCURS WHEN A MICROORGANISM INVADES
  THE HOST BUT DOES NOT CAUSE INFECTION (INJURY TO
  CELLS)
• PATIENT SAFETY ISSUE

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CHAIN OF INFECTION

• Infectious agent or pathogen
• Reservoir
• Portal of exit
• Mode of transmission
• Portal of entry
• Susceptible host

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Infectious Agent/Pathogen

• Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi,
  protozoa
• Normal flora
• Colonization
• Virulence
• Susceptibility
• Review Potter Perry Table 34-1 (pg. 643) Common
  Pathogens

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Reservior

• Animate sources (humans, animals, insects)
• Inanimate sources (soil, water, food, medical
  equipment)
• Pathogens need a proper environment to survive
  (food, oxygen, water, temperature, pH, light)
• Carriers
• Toxins (Exotoxins, endotoxins)

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Portal of Exit/Entry

• Skin and Mucous Membranes
• Respiratory Tract
• Urinary Tract
• Gastrointestinal tract
• Reproductive Tract
• Blood

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Modes of Transmission

• Contact (Direct Indirect)
• Droplet
• Airborne
• Vehicles
• Vectors

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Susceptible Host

• Susceptibility (Resistance to infection)
• Factors which influence susceptible
• Age
• Nutritional status
• Chronic disease history
• Trauma
• Smoking

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The Infectious Process

• Incubation Period
• Prodromal Stage
• Illness Stage
• Convalescence
• Pathogenicity of organism
• Localized vs. systemic

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DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION

• Normal flora
• Body System Defenses (PP Pg.647)
• Inflammation
• VASCULAR AND CELLULAR RESPONSE
• EDEMA
• PHAGOCYTOSIS
• LEUKOCYTOSIS
• INFLAMMATORY EXUDATE
• SEROUS
• SANGUINOUS
• PURULENT

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SPECIFIC DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION

• CELL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY
• ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

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HEALTH CARE ASSOCIATED INFECTION (NOSOCOMIAL)

• Infections that are a result of health care
  delivery, not present at admission
• EXOGENOUS
• ENDOGENOUS
• IATROGENIC
• Refer to Potter Perry Table 34-2 Pg. 648 (Sites
  for Causes of HAIs)

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Common Health-Care Associated Infections

• Urinary Tract Infection
• Surgical/Traumatic Wound Infection
• Respiratory Tract
• Bloodstream

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The Nursing Process Infection Control
(Assessment)

• Status of defense mechanisms
• Client Susceptibility
• Nutritional Status
• Stress
• Disease Process
• Medical Therapy
• Clinical Appearance
• Lab Data

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Lab Data

• WBC Count
• Sedimentation Rate
• Cultures of sputum, urine, blood
• Differential Count

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Assessing Risk for Infection

• Age
• Disease Processes
• Lifestyle
• Occupation
• Diagnostic Procedures
• Medications
• Travel History
• Nutritional Status

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NURSING DIAGNOSIS AND PLANNING

• NANDA APPROVED DIAGNOSIS
• GOALS AND OUTCOMES
• MEASURABLE
• REALISTIC
• PRIORITIES

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Acute Care Interventions

• MEDICAL AND SURGICAL ASEPSIS
• CONTROL/ELIMINATION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS
• CONTROL/ELIMINATION OF
• MODES OF TRANSMISSION
• PORTALS OF ENTRY
• RESERVOIRS
• HAND HYGIENE (HCP, PATIENT, FAMILY)

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INTERVENTIONS

• ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS
• HYPERTHERMIA INTERVENTION
• ELIMINATE UNDERLYING CAUSE
• FEVER MANAGEMENT
• HEALTH TEACHING
• ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
• PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT
• HEALTH CARE RESOURCES

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Isolation Precautions

• CDC and OSHA Guidelines
• Contact
• Droplet
• Airborne

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Drug Resistant Organism Infections Colonizations

• Methicillin-Resistant Staphylocuccus aureus
  (MRSA)
• Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
• Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL)
• Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis

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Personal Protective Equipment

• Gowns
• Respiratory Masks
• Eye Protection
• Gloves
• Specimen Collection
• Bagging Trash Linen
• Transporting Patients

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EVALUATION

• MEASURE SUCCESS OF INFECTION CONTROL TECHNIQUES
• COMPARE PATIENTS RESPONSE TO ACTUAL OUTCOME
• WHAT WILL YOU DO IF GOAL/OUTCOMES NOT ACHIEVED?