Topic:%20Developmental%20Psychology

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Topic Developmental Psychology

• Aim How do human beings develop over time
  physically psycholgically?
• Do Now Describe some of the differences between
  babies, small children, teenagers, and adults?
  List as many differences as you can (they way
  they think, act, feel, what they value, etc.)

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Developmental Psychology

• A field of psychology that focuses on how humans
  develop across their life span.
• Nature or nurture?
• Nature we are who we are due to biology
  (genetics)
• Nurture behavior is molded by experiences
  environment

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Brainstorm and list all the universal behaviors
(behaviors shared among all cultures) that you
can think of
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8 Week Old Embryo
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12 Week Old Fetus
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18-Week Old Fetus
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24 Week Old (6 months)
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Fraternal, Identical TwinsWhats the difference?

• Fraternal (dizygotic)
• Separate fertilized eggs (50 shared genes- no
  more genetic similarity than normal siblings)
• Identical (Monozygotic)
• Single fertilized egg split in two clones
• (100 shared genes)

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Fraternal vs. Identical
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Fraternal vs. Identical

• Fraternal / Identical twin study findings-
  provide specifics for the following
• Alzheimers
• Identical 60 / Fraternal30
• Extraversion / neuroticism
• Identical more similar than fraternal
• Divorce rates
• Identical x5.5 vs. fraternal x1.6
• Schizophrenia
• 50, 10, 3, 1 (identical, fraternal, sibling,
  stranger)
• What are the limitations of these studies?
• Genetics or environment? How do we
  differentiate?

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What sort of environmental or behavior influences
can impact how a baby develops in utero (in the
mothers womb?
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Prenatal Influences on Development

• Nutrition
• Anxiety
• Mothers general health
• Maternal age (older higher chances of defects
  on first birth)
• Teratogens any agent that causes a birth defect
  (e.g., drugs, radiation, viruses)
• Disease

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• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
• Defects occurring in infants born to mothers that
  drink heavily during pregnancy
• leading cause of mental retardation

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Newborn Baby

• What can a baby do/not do when they are first
  born?
• What does a woman experience physically and
  emotionally immediately after birth?

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Infant Reflexes

• Rooting Reflex- turning the head and opening the
  mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek
• Grasping Reflex
• Startle Reflex
• Babinski - fanning and curling toes when foot is
  stroked

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Language Development

• Infant preference for human speech
• before 6 months can hear differences used in all
  languages
• after 6 months begin to hear only differences
  used in native language
• Cooingvowel sounds produced 24 months
• Babblingconsonant/vowel sounds between 4 to 6
  months
• Even deaf infants coo and babble

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Infant Perception

• Object Permanence
• -Babies dont realize that objects are still
  there even when they cant see them
• Selective Attention
• How long babies will look at something without
  looking away

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Postpartum Depression Psychosis

• PPD short term type of clinical depression -
  occurs within the first 4 weeks after delivery.
• Postpartum Psychosis sudden onset of psychotic
  symptoms following childbirth. A typical example
  is for a woman to become irritable, have extreme
  mood swings and hallucinations, and possibly need
  psychiatric hospitalization.

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Imprinting in Animals
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Harlow Monkey Studies

• Took baby monkey away from real mother and
  replaced with 2 fake surrogates a wire mother
  and a cloth mother
• Money consistently preferred the cloth mother
  even when wire mother offered food

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60 Minutes The Baby Lab

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vFRvVFW85IcU

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Evolutionary Psychology

• Premise
• (Darwins ) natural selection shapes our
  behavior, thinking (over time)
• Certain traits, behaviors that enhance survival
  are passed on over generations

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Questions to Consider

1. Why do infants start to fear strangers about the
   time they become mobile?
2. Why are most parents so passionately devoted to
   their children?
3. Why do so many more people have phobias about
   spiders and snakes than guns and electricity?
4. Why are men quicker to perceive friendliness as
   sexual interest?

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Parental Fears

• Imagine youre a parent which, if you had to
  choose, would you allow your children to do of
  these choices, and why?
• 1.) Go to a friends house where the parents have
  several handguns, or friends house where the
  parents have a pool in the backyard?
• 2.) Walk to a store alone late at night or visit
  a relatives house alone?
• 3.) Would you inspect your childs Halloween
  candy before allowing them to eat it, or not?

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Parenting Discussion

• How does a parents physical affection impact
  children?
• At what age do children no longer want physical
  affection from parents? Does gender matter?
• How long is it healthy to live with your parents
  why?

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Parenting Styles Child Development

1. How much do you think your parents influence your
   personality?
2. How would you classify your parents parenting
   style (what kind of parents are/were they?)
3. How much did their parenting style impact who you
   are?
4. Based on your own experiences, where do you think
   your own parenting style would converge (agree)
   or diverge (disagree) from your parents? Why?

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Authoritarian Parents

• Children are expected to follow the strict rules
• Parents fail to explain the reasoning behind
  these rules. If asked to explain, the parent
  might simply reply, "Because I said so." These
  parents have high demands, but are not responsive
  to their children.
• Leads to children who are obedient but they rank
  lower in happiness, social competence and
  self-esteem.

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Authoritative/Democratic Parents

• Willing to listen to children
• More nurturing and forgiving rather than
  punishing.
• Disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than
  punitive.
• Results children are happy, capable and
  successful

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Permissive Parents

• Few demands to make of their children.
• Rarely discipline
• More friend than parent.
• Results children rank low in happiness and
  self-regulation - likely to experience problems
  with authority and perform poorly in school.

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Helicopter Parents
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Birth Order Development Discussion

1. How many siblings do you have (if any)?
2. Where do you fall in terms of birth order in your
   family?
3. How do you think parents treat/raise children
   differently based on birth order?
4. How do you think this impacts how children grow
   up and develop (how does being the oldest impact
   your personality more than being the youngest,
   for example)?

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• Oldest children tend to have slightly higher IQs
  (intelligence), weigh more, have higher paying
  jobs

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Child Abuse

• The physical injury, sexual abuse, or neglect of
  children under 18.
• What do you think some psychological effects of
  child abuse can be on a childs behavior and
  feelings?

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• Aim How do we develop a sense of gender
  identity?
• What do you think some of the psychological (how
  they think, feel, act, respond to thing, etc.)
  and biological differences are between men and
  women?

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• Gender identity the way in which an individual
  self-identifies with a gender category
  (male/female), Usually formed by age 3.
• Gender identity disorder (GID) describe persons
  who experience significant gender dysphoria
  (discontent with their biological sex and/or the
  gender they were assigned at birth).

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UK mom Beck Laxton kept son's sex a secret for 5
years to avoid stereotyping
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The Transgendered Community

• General term for those whose behaviors deviate
  extremely from traditional gender roles
• Feel they were born in the wrong body
• Diagnosed with Gender Identity Disorder
• Gender Reassignment surgery hormone treatment
  to change biological sex

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Gender Differences???

1. How they think (or what they most think about)
2. How they feel?
3. How they communicate?
4. How they deal with stress or problems?
5. How they mature?
6. How they perform in school?
7. Are impacted by diseases or disorders (prevalence
   thereof)
8. Any other behavior you can think of

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Gender Development

• Children develop a concrete understanding of
  gender by age 7, but this develops in stages from
  birth
• 7 months distinguish male/females faces
• 1 year distinguishes male/female voices
• 2 years understands gender stereotypes (dress,
  behavior, etc)
• 2-3 develop a sense of gender identity
• By 7, children believe that gender is a constant,
  permanent thing that cannot change (if mommy
  wears pants, shes still a girl!)

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• Mens brains 8-10 larger - section linked to
  arithmetic abilities larger in men (however,
  women are better at straightforward math like
  addition/subtraction, men better at reasoning
  problems)
• Womens brains mature sooner - 2 key language
  centers larger in women
• Women process pain signals in the parts of their
  brains that handle emotion, while men process
  same signals in the analytic regions

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• Women
• Has 70 more body fat, possesses 40 less muscle
  and are 5 inches shorter
• Enter puberty 2 yrs. sooner
• More likely to smell faint odors, express
  emotions freely, speak more words per day
• 2x more vulnerable to depression anxiety, and
  10X for eating disorders
• Men
• 4X more likely to be diagnosed with autism,
  color-blindness, hyperactivity, and antisocial
  personality disorder
• More likely to offer opinions, speak assertively,
  interrupt, smile less, and stare more while
  women are more likely to express support.

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• Gender Differences in Aggression
• U.S. male to female arrest ratio for murder is 9
  to 1.
• Men are more likely to offer answers to questions
  even when they dont actually know the answer.
• Gender differences show early
• Boys play in large groups with an activity focus
  and little discussion
• Girls play in smaller groups. Their play tends to
  be less competitive and they are more open to
  feedback then males

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