Cognitive Psychology, 2nd Ed.

1
Cognitive Psychology, 2nd Ed.

• Chapter 5

2
Basic Processes of Memory

• Encoding concerns perceiving, recognizing, and
  further processing an object so that it can be
  later remembered.
• Storage refers to transferring information from
  short-term memory to long-term memory.
• Retrieval concerns searching long-term memory and
  finding the event that has been stored and
  retrieved.

3
(No Transcript)
4
Sensory Memory

• Refers to brief persistence of stimuli following
  transduction. Its function is to permit stimuli
  to be perceived, recognized, and entered into
  short-term memory.
• Duration of 250 ms and large capacity.
• Iconic vs. echoic sensory memory are similar but
  estimates of echoic duration were distorted by
  retrieval from short term memory.

5
(No Transcript)
6
Short- vs. Long-Term StoresBehavioral
Dissociations

• Serial position effect with primacy caused by
  retrieval from rehearsed items stored in
  long-term memory recency benefits from
  short-term store.
• Rapid presentation eliminates primacy but
  preserves recency.
• Delayed recall eliminates recency but preserves
  primacy.

7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
Short- vs. Long-Term StoresNeurological
Dissociations

• Anterograde amnesia refers to difficulty in
  remembering events that occur after the onset of
  amnesia disruption in transfer from short- to
  long-term store.
• Retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of memory
  of events that occurred prior to the onset of the
  illness disruption in long-term storage or
  retrieval of past events.

10
(No Transcript)
11
(No Transcript)
12
Differences Among 3 Memory Stores

• Capacityonly short-term memory is severely
  limited in capacity, namely, to 4 chunks.
• Durationdifferences are an order of magnitude or
  more among sensory (250 ms), short-term (20 s),
  and long-term (20 years or more).

13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
Similarities Among 3 Memory Stores

• Difficult to distinguish sensory and short-term
  memory on the basis of coding.
• Short- as well as long-term stores use semantic
  coding, although acoustic-articulatory coding
  dominates short-term memory as seen in the
  phonemic similarity effect.

17
(No Transcript)
18
Similarities among 3 Memory Stores

• Forgetting follows the same power function
  regardless of whether the duration is 20 s or 20
  years.
• Retrieval may be serial and exhaustive in
  short-term memory and parallel in long-term
  memory, but the evidence is mixed.

19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
Working Memory

• Refers to the system for temporarily maintaining
  mental representations that are relevant to the
  performance of a cognitive task in an activated
  state.
• Reading span measures the capacity of working
  memory when attention must be paid to
  comprehension of sentences and to remembering a
  list of words.

22
Models of Working Memory

• Baddeley proposed a phonological loop and a
  visual-spatial sketch pad coordinated by a
  central executive.
• The loop stores and rehearses verbal
  representations whereas the sketch pad does the
  same for visual/spatial representations.
• Central executive focuses and switches attention,
  supervises and coordinates the storage
  components, and retrieves representations from
  long-term memory.

23
(No Transcript)
24
Neurological Dissociations and Working Memory

• Case studies suggest (1) a semantic component
  separate from the phonological or verbal
  component, and (2) a spatial store separate from
  a visual store.
• Neuroimaging confirms separate spatial, visual,
  and verbal stores.

25
(No Transcript)