Genetic Engineering

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Genetic Engineering Biotechnology

• What we can do with genes

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RB answers s 32-43

• 32. 2
• 33. People can be tested to diagnose if they have
  a certain disease and they can be treated with
  hormones that are genetically engineered
• 34. 1
• 35. 60 pairs would contain base A
• 36. 3
• 37.1
• 38.1

• 39. 2
• 40.3
• 41.2
• 42. Deficiency wouldnt effect the DNA from
  replicating
• Proteins couldnt be made b/c the amino acids are
  missing
• 43. 3

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• The combination of biology and technology has
  been making many products better for many years..
  such as bread, cheese, and yogurt by using the
  best ingredients to make the best products.
• This brings about.

VARIATION !!
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Selective Breeding

• Humans select animals or plants with desirable
  (beneficial) traits and breed them
• This ensures that many of the offspring will have
  desirable traits from both parents
• This is how we have so many breeds of dogs,
  horses, cats and foods!
• This is also how we have certain fruits and
  vegetables with certain traits known as
  genetically modified foods
• Does NOT involve actually changing DNA!

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Examples of selective breeding

• meat products have been bred to contain less fat.
  
• fruits and vegetables we consume have been
  selectively bred to be larger, sweeter, hardier,
  and even juicier, and resistant to fungus
  infections.

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What is Genetic Engineering?

• Technology that humans use to alter DNA or study
  DNA
• Examples
• DNA Fingerprinting (Gel Electrophoresis)
• Used in paternity testing
• Used as evidence in criminal cases
• DNA Recombination
• Inserting a gene into bacterial DNA
• Bacteria will then construct the protein coded
  for in that DNA

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Restriction Enzymes- Video (47 sec)
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-sI5vy-cD2g

• Special enzymes that recognize certain DNA bases
  and then actually cut (splice) the DNA at that
  location
• Used in DNA Fingerprinting and DNA Recombination
• EXAMPLE EcoRI recognizes GAATTC
• Will cut at this spot between the G and A
• Creates STICKY ENDS (single strands of DNA) that
  can bind to new DNA

EcoRI- Commonly used restriction enzyme
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Restriction Enzyme Animation! Lets See!
Steps in Cloning a Gene (683.0K)
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Types of Genetic Engineering

• 1. Gel Electrophoresis- Clip (0.53 min)
• Separates DNA into different banding patterns
  based on
• NUMBER OF BASES IN EACH CUT STRAND
• DNA is cut up using a restriction enzyme
• This leaves DNA strands of different sizes
• CHARGE OF DNA
• DNA is negatively (-) charged, so it will move
  towards a positive charge
• DNA separates due to opposite charge at one end
  of chamber and how heavy it is
• Makes a finger-print

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Gel Electrophoresis animation
Lets See!
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Parents will have similar banding to their
children and vice-versa-used for Paternity tests

• It is important to remember that the childs DNA
  came from both of the parents50 from mom 50
  from dadand the DNA fingerprint should reflect
  this.
• Animation Lets See!

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Types of Genetic Engineering cont

• 2. Recombinant DNA Technology
• Inserting gene from one organism into a circular
  piece of bacterial DNA called a plasmid
• Ex Inserting human insulin gene into bacterium
  bacterium will now make insulin for diabetics

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Steps for causing bacteria to make human insulin
by Recombinant technology

• Cut out insulin gene from human DNA using a
  restriction enzyme
• Cut open bacterial plasmid using same restriction
  enzyme
• Combine cut plasmids with many copies of human
  gene
• Several plasmids will accept human gene
• These plasmids now have the ability to make human
  insulin
• This is a cheaper way to obtain insulin because
  it can be produced in greater amounts and there
  are smaller risks of side effects since the gene
  making the insulin is a human gene.

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Diagram of Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA You Tube Video (232)
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• Recombinant DNA Clip (3.04 min)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTpmNfv1jKuA

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2. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

• Replicating a DNA sequence over and over and over
  and over again?
• Allows scientists to study specific sequences
• Applications of this include mapping of the
  human genome project, single sperm analysis,
  molecular archaeology and ancient DNA, molecular
  ecology and behavior, disease diagnosis and drug
  discovery.
• Lets See!

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Benefits of Genetic Engineering

• Making large amounts of a human protein, such as
  insulin
• Finding cures by altering DNA
• DNA Fingerprinting has helped us to see how
  similar certain organisms are
• Alter DNA in plants to make them resistant to
  certain diseases
• Paternity tests!