World War II, Cold War

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World War II, Cold War The Postwar World

• Mr. Ermer
• World History AP
• Miami Beach Senior High

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Origins of World War II

• Two Alliances
• Allied Powers
• Great Britain
• Empire (India, African colonies, and others)
• Commonwealth (Canada, Australia, and New Zealand)
• The Soviet Union
• France
• The United States
• Latin American allies
• China
• Axis Powers
• Germany
• Italy
• Japan

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Japan Empire of the Rising Sun

• Unhappy with terms of the Paris Peace, Japan
  begins campaign of territorial expansion in Asia
  Pacific
• Civilians lose control of Japanese government and
  military
• 1931 Japan invades Manchuria, Japan withdraws
  from League of Nations after the League condemns
  Japans war
• Japanese begin to expand into northern China
• China weak and divided due to civil war
• 1936 Chiang Kai-sheks Nationalist forces join
  with Maos Communists in United Front against
  Japanese, Japan takes capital of Nanjing
• Raping of Nanjing demonstrates horrors of modern
  war
• Cheng moves the government upriver

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Italian Aggression

• Italy felt disrespected after the Great War
• Gained little territory, economy continued to
  suffer
• Benito Mussolini promises glory and power
• Italy conquers Libya and Ethiopia by 1936
• Italy annexes Albania with plans to expand in the
  Balkans
• Italy supports Gen. Franco in Spanish Civil War
• Few Italians wish to fight, Italys true
  diplomatic intentions remain obscure through
  1930s
• Italy never considered a true threat to world
  order

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German Expansion

• 1938 Germany annexes Austria
• Hitler demands part of Czechoslovakia
• Munich Conf. grants Hitler the Sudetenland
• 1939 Hitler takes the rest of western Czech
• Hitler also controls independent Slovakia
• Hitler threatens Poland, Britain offers help
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
• Secret protocol to divide E. Europe into spheres
  of influence
• September 1, 1939 Hitler invades Poland
• September 3, 1939 The United Kingdom and France
  declare war on Germany
• Blitzkrieg lightning war 300 tanks supported
  by air and ground support
• April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark, Norway
• May 10 attack Netherlands, Belgium, France
• June 22 France surrenders, Germans control 3/5
  of France, set up puppet government in Vichy

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The Battle of Britain Invasion of Russia

• August 1940 German Luftwaffe launches air attack
  of Great Britainmilitary only
• Radar provides British early warning
• British bomb Berlin, Hitler unleashes brutal air
  attack of British citiesLondon
• Allows Britain to quickly rebuild air force with
  American help
• Luftwaffe having trouble with new Royal Air Force
• Hitler postpones invasion of Britain, thinks UK
  hopes for Soviet help
• Hitler wants British surrender, attacks Soviet
  Union
• Soviets did not have weapons like Germany, Hitler
  expects quick win
• Hitler originally wanted to invade USSR in March
  1941
• Mussolinis failed invasion of Greece delays
  plans
• Hitler invades USSR June 22, 1941
• Germany advances quickly, but Soviets stop them
  in early winter
• Germans unprepared for Russian winter, fail,
  Soviets advance

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Battle of Stalingrad
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America at War War in the Pacific

• 1940 Japan occupies French Indochina
• The United States offers support to Britain and
  USSR
• Also places a trade embargo on Japan to protest
  aggression
• December 7, 1941 Japanese launch surprise attack
  on the U.S. Pacific naval fleet at Pearl Harbor,
  Hawaii
• Japan quickly advances on many targets across the
  Pacific
• Asia for Asians slogan to unite Asians against
  western powers
• United States declare war on Japan the following
  day
• Germany Italy declare war on the United States
  days later
• East Asia Co-Prosperity Zone
• Created for easy exploitation of Asian resources
  by Japan

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Victory in Europe

• Soviets push Germans back across Eastern Europe
• Eastern Front disintegrates in midst of heavy
  casualties
• American entrance is turning point of war
• Germany cannot out produce American industry for
  supplies
• U.S. and British forces attack German army in N.
  Africa
• North Africa the soft underbelly of Axis power,
  launch pad to ItalyAmericans, British, and
  Soviets for Grand Alliance
• 1943 Allies defeat Axis Powers in North Africa
• 1944 American and British forces occupy Italy
• June 6, 1944 Allied D-Day invasion of Normandy
• Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe
  Dwight D. Eisenhower leads final push toward
  Germany
• Soviets enter Berlin first, U.S. and Britain
  close behind
• May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders to Allies

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Victory in Japan

• Pearl Harbor attack spares American aircraft
  carrier fleet
• June 1942 US ambush sinks 4 Japanese carriers at
  Midway
• Gen MacArthur begins offensive in Philippines
• Combined Army, Marine, and Navy island hopping
  force chip away at Japanese Pacific territory
• Early 1945 US hold Iwo Jima Okinawa, in range
  for invasion of Japanese homeland
• Japanese employ kamikaze attacks
• Allies begin constant fire bombing of Japan
• April 1945 US President Franklin Delano
  Roosevelt dies from stroke, replaced by Vice
  President Harry Truman
• Allied forces approach Japanese homeland
• Japanese refuse to surrender
• Truman must decide to use new atomic bomb
• August 6, 1945 Atomic bomb dropped on Japanese
  city Hiroshima
• Emperor refuses to surrender
• Aug 9, 1945 Soviets declare war on Japan, US
  drops second atom bomb on port city of Nagasaki
• Japan Surrenders on August 14, 1945

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Origins of the Cold War

• U.S. Soviets have different views of how
  postwar world should look
• The Atlantic Charter (1941) Nations should solve
  problems through diplomacythrough an
  international organizationand nations of the
  world should be free w/ self determination
• Signed by United States, Great Britain, and
  Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.)
• Soviets secretly want to take control of Eastern
  Europe after war
• British nervous about what A.C. means for their
  worldwide empire
• Churchill and Stalin want the great powers to
  control different spheres of influence
• Casablanca Conf Agree for total surrender of
  Axis
• Teheran Conf Soviets agree to help with Japan
  after European war ends, disagreement over
  Polands future

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The Yalta Conference

• The Big Three meet in February 1945
• Roosevelt seeks Soviet help with Japan
• Promises Japanese land to Stalin in exchange
• Creation of a new United Nations
• Security Council US, UK, France, USSR, China
• First meeting set for April 1945 in San Francisco
• After war Germany to be split into four sectors
  controlled by US, UK, USSR France, based on
  troop placement at the end of the war
• Berlin too would be divided into four sectors
• Future of Poland left uncertain
• Soviets already held Poland, installed
  pro-communist govt

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Potsdam and New Struggles

• Truman, now president, not as familiar with
  international politics as FDR, uses Get Tough
  Policy
• FDR believed Stalin would ultimately listen to
  reason, Truman did not trust Russians in general,
  and was suspicious of Stalin
• July 1945 Potsdam Conference, Germany
• Truman demands elections for all of Europe, fails
• Stalin wins battle to move Polish border into
  German territory
• Truman convinces Stalin to accept no reparations
  from Allied controlled parts of Germany, assuring
  Germany would stay split
• Big Three agree to trials of Nazi war criminals
  in Nuremberg, Germany(1945-1946)
• Churchill iron curtain has descended on the
  continent splitting Europe east/west

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Two Super Powers

• After WWII, USA and USSR emerge as superpowers
  (military political power)
• Disagreements over how to rebuild Europe
• 1947Truman Doctrine
• U.S. will help any country fight Communism
• Fear of the spread of Soviet influence

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The Marshall Plan

• U.S. Gen. George C. Marshall offers plan to help
  Europe recover from World War II
• Soviet satellite states refuse the help
• Soviet plans to help failed, not enough money
• Policy of Containment United States vow to keep
  Communism from spreading past its current
  boundaries, fight against Soviet aggression.

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Division of Germany

• After war, Germany divided into four parts
• U.S., U.S.S.R., U.K. France split control
• Berlin, German capital, also split in four
• Berlin was located deep in Soviet East Germany
• West Germany united, Soviets blockade
• Soviets block supplies from reaching W. Berlin
• Berlin Air Lift supplies are flown into West
  Berlin by U.S. Air Force

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Cold War Heats Up

• 1949 Communists take control of China
• Americans worried about Communisms spread
• Soviets detonate an atomic bomb
• Arms Race Soviets and Americans build up
  militaries and weapons, improve bombs
• Both superpowers had the power to destroy each
  other with nuclear weapons, so neither risked
  using them alliances build

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The Bi-Polar World

• The world splits into Communist and
  Anti-Communist alliances
• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) U.S.,
  U.K., Belgium, Lux, France, The Neth., Italy,
  Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Canada, W.
  Germany, Turkey, Greece
• Warsaw Pact U.S.S.R. Eastern Block
• By 1950s, USA allied with 42 nations against
  Communism

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Berlin Wall

• Arms race builds steam with hydrogen bomb, ICBMs
  and stronger nukes
• 1957 Soviet Sputnik I reaches space
• USA believes its losing space race/arms race
• Nikita Khrushchev, new Soviet leader, sees
  problem with East Germans escaping to the much
  richer, freer West Berlin
• Soviets build a wall around West Berlin

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Cuban Missile Crisis

• 1959 Fidel Castro gains power in Cuba
• Kennedys Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba fails
• 1962 Soviets send nuclear missiles to Cuba
• To answer for US missiles in Turkey
• Oct. 1962 Russian ships, carrying missiles,
  headed for Cuba Kennedy orders blockade
• Soviets agree to leave Cuba, US promises not to
  invade Cuba
• To avoid nuclear war, a hotline was created
  between Washington D.C. and Moscow

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Domino Theory

• Domino Theory If Vietnam falls to Communism, the
  rest of Asia will fall like dominos one after
  the other
• Vietnam fighting civil war North vs. South
• North Vietnam Communist (w/ Soviets China)
• South Vietnam Democratic (helped by USA)
• 1973 President Nixon withdraws from conflict
• North wins, domino theory unfounded, limits to
  American power made clear