Title: This is Where You Type the Slide Title
1Fear conditioning e.g., Electric shock
associated with specific stimuli
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3SCR Skin Conductance Response (sweat)
4Fear-relevant e.g., snake
Fear-irrelevant e.g., butterfly
SCR Skin Conductance Response (sweat)
5Fear-relevant e.g., snake
Fear-irrelevant e.g., butterfly
SCR Skin Conductance Response (sweat)
6SCR Skin Conductance Response (sweat)
7 Same Race
Different Race
SCR Skin Conductance Response (sweat)
8Operant conditioning
- Operant Conditioning learning when an
individuals response is followed by a
reinforcement or punishment - Reinforcement an event that increases the future
probability of the response that produced it - Positive reinforcement Reward
- Negative reinforcement Escape from punishment
- Punishment an event that suppresses the future
probability of the response that produced it
9The response that obtained the food is reinforced
Biological needs
The drive reduction hypothesis
Several hours have passed since last meal
Increased exploratory activity
Increased drive (hunger)
Drive is reduced (reinforcement)
Find food, eat it
10Biological needs
The drive reduction hypothesis
Several hours have passed since last meal
Increased exploratory activity
Increased drive (hunger)
Drive is reduced (reinforcement)
Find food, eat it
11For instance, rats learning to work for food
12For instance, rats learning to work for food
Skinner Box
13A new experiment
Phase One
Response to central hole a way to obtain food
14A new experiment
Phase One
Phase Two
Response to central hole a way to obtain food
Better deal to the right gt Will rats figure it
out?
15Better deal to the right gt Will rats figure it
out?
16Yes, in a couple of days
Better deal to the right gt Will rats figure it
out?
17Concurrent changes in neural functioning
- growth of new neurons
- growth of new synapses
- increase or decrease in transmitter release
- increase or decrease in sensitivity to
transmitter release - changes in concentration of receptors
18Long Term Potentiation
-
- The most widely studied neuroplastic phenomena of
the mammalian nervous system - Considered a fundamental mechanism underlying
learning and memory in mammals.
19What is Long Term Potentiation?
- Enduring facilitation of synaptic transmission
- following activation of a synapse by intense
high-frequency - stimulation of pre-synaptic neurons
- or
- Changes in the postsynaptic neuron resulting in
- the strengthening of synaptic transmission.
20- The key event is the co-occurrence of the pre and
post synaptic - neurons.
- Neurons that fire together wire together
- while
- neurons that are out of sync lose their link.
- Most commonly studied in neurons from the
hippocampus
21Biochemical Mechanisms of LTP in Hippocampus
- AMPA and NMDA receptors are involved in LTP
- glutamate receptors that open channels in
postsynaptic neurons to let in one or more kinds
of ions (ionotropic) - AMPA receptors glutamate opens sodium channels
22- NMDA receptors normally blocked by magnesium but
respond to glutamate when the neuron is
depolarized by AMPA receptors - calcium enters and activates protein CaMKII,
which is necessary for LTP, and sets several
processes in motion - structure of AMPA receptors change, becoming more
responsive to glutamate - some NMDA receptors change to AMPA receptors and
increase their responsiveness to glutamate - dendrites may build more AMPA receptors and make
more branches - Once established, LTP no longer depends on NMDA
synapses
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24LTP and Behavior
- Research shows
- abnormal NMDA receptors impair learning
- more than normal NMDA receptors enhances learning
- drugs that block LTP block learning while drugs
that facilitate LTP facilitate learning - a lack of AMPA receptors creates deficits in LTP
and memory
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26Types of memory
- Declarative memory
- Facts (who is, what is)
- Events (when did you)
- Non-declarative memory
- Procedures (how do you)
- Conditioning (automatic responses)
- Musculature
- Emotional
27Types of memory
- Declarative memory
- Facts (who is, what is)
- Events (when did you)
- Non-declarative memory
- Procedures (how do you)
- Conditioning (automatic responses)
- Musculature
- Emotional
Medial temporal lobe
Hippocampus
28Types of memory
- Declarative memory
- Facts (who is, what is)
- Events (when did you)
- Non-declarative memory
- Procedures (how do you)
- Conditioning (automatic responses)
- Musculature
- Emotional
Medial temporal lobe
Hippocampus
Striatum
Cerebellum
Amygdala
29More types of memory
- Long-term memory
- Questions about encoding, retrieving
- Medial temporal lobe (store)
- Short-term memory
- Working memory
- (Consciousness, attention)
- Dorsolateral frontal cortex (operator)