Intelligence

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Intelligence

• What makes us smart?
• Or not so smart?

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What is Intelligence?

• Intelligence
• ability to learn from experience, solve problems,
  and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

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Intelligence Test

• A method of assessing an individuals mental
  aptitudes comparing them to those of others

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History of Intelligence Tests

• Sir Francis Galton
• 1st proponent of the idea that one can
  quantitatively measure peoples mental abilities
• 19th century English Scientist/Mathematician

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History of Intelligence Tests

• Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon set out to figure
  out a concept called a mental age
• the chronological age typical of a given level
  of performance.
• They discovered that by discovering someones
  mental age they can predict future performance
  (in school, work and life).
• Hoped they could use test to help children, not
  label them.

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Terman and his IQ Test

• Used Binets research about mental age to
  construct the modern day IQ test called the
  Stanford-Binet Test.
• Mental Age
• IQ ----------------- X 100
• Chronological Age

• A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her
  IQ?
• A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is
  his IQ?

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Origins of Intelligence Testing

• Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
• defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma)
  to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
• IQ ma/ca x 100)
• on contemporary tests, the average performance
  for a given age is assigned a score of 100

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Is Intelligence one general ability or several
specific abilities? pg. 423

• Factor Analysis
• statistical procedure that identifies clusters of
  related items (called factors) on a test
• used to identify different dimensions of
  performance that underlie ones total score
• General Intelligence (g)
• factor that Spearman and others believed
  underlies specific mental abilities
• measured by every task on an intelligence test

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Charles Spearman and his G factor

• Used factor analysis and discovered that what we
  see as many different skills is actually one
  General Intelligence.
• If you are good at one subject you are usually
  good at many others.

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Are There Multiple Intelligences?

• Social Intelligence
• the know-how involved in comprehending social
  situations and managing oneself successfully
• Emotional Intelligence
• ability to perceive, express, understand, and
  regulate emotions

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Robert Sternberg and his Triarchic Theory

• Most commonly accepted theory today.
• Focuses on only three types of intelligence
• Analytical (problem solving)
• Creative
• Practical
• P. 425

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Is intelligence solely academic or does
intelligences come in various forms?
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Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences

• Gardner believed that intelligences involves
  several distinct abilities and that intelligence
  is not just about academic abilities.
• According to Gardner, there exists at least 8
  different types of intelligences.

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Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences

• Linguistic-words
• Logical-mathematical-reasoning
• Spatial-images and pictures
• Musical-rhythms and melodies
• Body-kinesthetic-somatic sensations
• Intrapersonal - self
• Interpersonal social, connections with others
• Naturalist-nature

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Are There Multiple Intelligences?

• Savant Syndrome
• condition in which a person otherwise limited in
  mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
• computation /calculation
• Drawing
• Musical memory
• Leslie Lemke, Kim Peeke
• and Alonzo Clemons

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Hmmm

• Have you ever pondered how genetics and your
  environment shaped your intelligence and has
  contributed to your specific abilities?

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Wechsler Tests

• More common way to give Intelligence tests.does
  not use the formula but uses the same scoring
  system.
• WAIS adults
• WISC - children
• Pg. 433

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Assessing Intelligence Sample Items from the WAIS
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Types of Tests

• Aptitude

• Achievement

• Measure ability or potential.

• Tests that measure what you have learned.

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How do we construct an Intelligence Test?

• Standardization the questions have been piloted
  on similar populations and the scores fall on a
  normal distribution.
• Reliable The extent to which a test yields
  consistent results.
• Validity The extent to which a test measures or
  predicts what it is supposed to

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The Dynamics of Intelligencelow extremes

• Mental Retardation
• a condition of limited mental ability
• indicated by an intelligence score below 70
• produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of
  life
• varies from mild to profound
• Down Syndrome
• retardation and associated physical disorders
  caused by an extra chromosome in ones genetic
  makeup

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The Dynamics of Intelligence
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Genetic Influences

• The most genetically similar people have the most
  similar scores

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Does Intelligence Change Over Time?

• By age 3, a childs IQ can predict adolescent IQ
  scores.
• By age 7, scores begin to stabilize.

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Environmental Influences

• The Schooling Effect

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Eugenics

• Attempts to improve human genetics by encouraging
  breeding among intellectually superior people

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Eugenics
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Testing Bias?
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Testing Bias?
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Goleman and his EQ

• Emotional Intelligence
• Interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences.
• Maybe EQ is a better predictor for future success
  than IQ.

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Modern Intelligence Tests
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The Normal Curve
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The Flynn Effect