U.S. History to Reconstruction

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U.S. History to Reconstruction

• Unit 2 - Englands 17th Century Colonies

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Timeline 17th Century England

• Stuart Monarchy
• James I (1603-1625)
• Charles I (1625-1649)
• English Civil War (1642-1649)
• Commonwealth (1649-1653)
• Protectorate (1653-1660)
• Return of the Stuarts
• Charles II (1660-1685)
• James II (1685-1688)
• Glorious Revolution (1688)
• William III (1688-1702) and Mary II (1688-1694)

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• King James I
• (1603-1625)

4
17th Century English Colonialism

• English colonial ventures had the monarchs
  blessings but were private ventures
• They did not royal money or naval protection
• Spain and Portugal did have royal funds and
  protection
• This meant that the first English colonies in the
  17th century remained small
• The success of the English colonies depended
  getting the wealth and support of prospering
  middle class
• These people were originally drawn to the tobacco
  production areas of the West Indies such as
  Barbados, Montserrat, and Antigua

5
17th Century English Colonialism

• In addition to financing, colonies needed
  colonists
• Economics played a large role in emigration
• The religious wars of the first half of the 17th
  century caused the wool market to drop
• This led to unemployment and lower quality of
  life in England
• Between 1600 and 1640, 80,000 left England
• Another 80,000 left over the next 20 years
• People also emigrated for religious reasons
• Certain groups such as the Puritans were being
  persecuted in England
• Some left for personal reasons
• To escape bad marriages, jail terms, or lifelong
  poverty

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• Drawing of 17th century mid-Atlantic native
  people
• Possibly by John Smith

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Perception of the New World

• Those who emigrated to the New World arrived with
  two very different images of the Native Americans
• Some saw them as gentle people who were eager to
  meet the Europeans
• There had already been friendly receptions in
  earlier encounters
• This reflected the European vision of New World
  as an earthly paradise, and of desire to trade
• The Europeans strong desire to trade also
  enhanced their image of the natives

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Perception of the New World

• Others saw them as savage and hostile people
• This was based on earlier encounters that were
  violent
• Natives were seen as crafty, loathsome, and not
  fully human
• This reflected the strong desire to take the land
  from the settlers
• One of the main reasons why the English emigrated
  was for the land
• Native Americans did not understand the concept
  of private property
• This led to a sort of moral dilemma for the
  immigrants in taking land from the natives

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Perception of the New World

• Robert Gray, an Anglican minister said in 1609
• By what right can we enter into the land of
  these savages, take their rightful inheritance
  from them, and plant ourselves in their places,
  being unwronged or unprovoked by them?
• Some believed there really was no dilemma
• One side they believed they were offering a fair
  exchange
• They would share the land and in exchange offer
  Indians access to a higher civilization and
  Christianity
• Others portrayed the natives as savage brutes who
  did not deserve rightful ownership of the land
• This gave the settlers moral justification for
  taking the Indians lands

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• Migration of English to the New World
• (1630-1660)

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17th Century English Colonies

• Four regions of English colonies in the New World
• The Chesapeake
• New England
• Middle Colonies
• The Carolinas
• Joint-stock companies provided financing
• Establishment of Jamestown, Virginia (1607)
• Was the first permanent English colony in North
  America
• It was established by the Virginia Company of
  London, which was a joint-stock company

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Jamestown

• The main object of this colony was profit
• Settlers expected to find gold, a water route to
  China and lucrative trade with Native Americans
  in beaver and deer skins
• There was a mention of bringing Christianity to
  the natives in the charter but this was a distant
  second priority
• Those who came were unprepared to start a colony
• Over a third of the colonists were untrained
  laborers, some with criminal records these were
  the ones looking for gold
• The rest were skilled tradesmen but they had
  problems adapting to the wilderness
• Very few of the colonists were trained in
  helpful fields such as fishing, blacksmithing,
  and farming

13
Jamestown

• Exploiting native population
• Colonists believed they could exploit the 24,000
  local Powhatan Indians
• Believed that if Spanish were able to do so with
  the Aztecs and the Incas, they could do it too
• Unlike the Aztecs and Incas, the Powhatan
  territories were not densely settled and were not
  easily subjugated
• English did not have an army with them nor
  priests like the Spanish
• When intimidation failed they attempted to open
  up trade
• The first year, the natives traded food with the
  English

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Jamestown

• The following year, severe drought hit the area
• The natives stopped trading with the English
• Starving Time (1609-1610)
• Severe drought set in, negatively affecting crops
• Powhatan laid siege to the colony hoping to
  starve them out
• Many died during this two year period
• Of the 900 colonists who arrived between 1607 and
  1609 only 60 survived
• Most were ill-prepared for life in a new
  settlement
• They suffered from dysentery, malaria, drought,
  and malnutrition
• Were saved by Thomas West who arrived with new
  supplies

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Jamestown

• Edwin Sandys (1561-1629)
• One of the Virginia Companys proprietors
• Implemented reforms in 1618 to save the Company
• House of Burgesses instituted for Virginia
  self-government
• Headrights
• Granted 50-acre lots to each colonist who paid
  his own transportation
• Allowed development of huge estates
• Indentured servitude
• Began promising land in exchange for seven years
  labor

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Jamestown

• More than 9000 crossed the Atlantic between 1610
  and 1622
• Only 2000 were alive in 1622
• Tobacco was first discovered in the West Indies
  and quickly became a major crop in the Caribbean
• In 1612, John Rolfe attempted to grow tobacco
• It was designed as a way of saving the Jamestown
  colony
• Land in Virginia was perfect for growing tobacco
• The first tobacco crop shipped from Virginia in
  1617
• By 1624, Virginia exported 200,000 pounds of
  tobacco
• By 1638, despite decline in price, crop exceeded
  3 million pounds

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Jamestown

• The biggest problem with tobacco is that it
  requires lots of care which meant lots of labor
• The tobacco growers needed to find a source of
  cheap labor
• The settlers first got their labor by recruiting
  English and Irish laborers as indentured servants
• Three-quarters were males between 15 and 24 years
  old and mostly from the lower class
• Only one in twenty lived long enough to get their
  freedom
• They were bought, sold, traded, and gambled away
  like slaves
• Women servants were sent to the fields and often
  subject to sexual abuse
• When a servant got pregnant, one to two years
  were added to their service

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• Chesapeake Bay warrior
• (c. 1585)

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Hostilities with the Powhatan

• The dramatic rise in population in Jamestown
  meant that the settlers would need more land
• This put the Jamestown colony on a collision
  course with the Chesapeake tribe of Indians
• Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-1614)
• In August 1610, the English attacked the village
  of Paspahegh
• Over 50 natives were killed or injured
• The English captured the weroances wife and
  children
• When the English returned to their boat, they
  threw the children overboard and shot them in the
  water
• Killing of women and children were not tolerated
  in Native American culture

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Hostilities with the Powhatan

• Throughout the war, the settlers used Irish
  Tactics
• Colonists raided Indian villages, burned houses,
  confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields
• The Pamunkey Indians were led by Opechancanough
  and laid siege to Jamestown
• The natives had the advantage and were almost
  able to drive out the English
• Reinforcements arrived from England just in time
  to free Jamestown and lead a counter-offensive
  against the Pamunkeys

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Hostilities with the Powhatan

• In 1614, Chief Powhatans daughter, Pocahontas,
  married John Rolfe
• This led to a temporary stoppage in the war
• However, as long as the settlers continued to
  demand land, tensions would remain high between
  them and the natives
• In 1617, Chief Powhatan died and was replaced by
  Opechancanough
• His main purpose was to get the settlers to
  abandon Jamestown

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Hostilities with the Powhatan

• In 1621, two English servants murdered Nemattanew
• He was a Powhatan religious prophet and a
  favorite of Opechancanough
• This was the trigger to the start of the next
  phase of the war
• Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1622-1632)
• Good Friday Massacre (March 22, 1622)
• Opechancanough led a surprise attack against
  Jamestown
• Over 400 settlers were killed, more than one
  quarter of the population
• Crops and buildings were destroyed and cattle
  killed

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• A 1622 engraving of the Good Friday Massacre

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Hostilities with the Powhatan

• The attack led to the bankruptcy of the Virginia
  Company
• The king annulled their charter in 1624, making
  Virginia a royal colony but allowing elected
  House of Burgesses to remain
• The Virginians saw the natives as an obstacle to
  be removed from the path of English settlement
• Launched annual military operations against
  Indians
• Treaty of 1632 created a native reservation
  that was not to be settled by the English
• In 1644, Opechancanough made a last ditch effort
  to remove the settlers
• He was close to 100 years old at this time

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Hostilities with the Powhatan

• On April 18, 1644, Opechancanough attacked
  Jamestown
• Close to 500 setters were killed
• This was not as devastating a blow as the 1622
  attack
• There were over 8,000 settlers at this point
  while the Powhatan tribes had diminished in size
  and power
• By June, the settlers turned to offensive
• Opechancanough was captured and killed by the
  English
• The Powhatan were not able to defeat the settlers
• Treaty of 1646
• It moved the natives off their land and
  distinguished Indian land from white settlement
  land
• It also ended the tribal power of all the nearby
  natives

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• George Calvert, First Lord of Baltimore
• (1579-1632)

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Settling of Maryland

• Maryland was the other colony on the Chesapeake
• George Calvert, Lord Baltimore (1579-1632)
• He wanted to create a safe haven for Catholics
• It was also designed to recreate the manor dotted
  countryside of northern England in the New World
• Unfortunately, he died before his dream could be
  fulfilled
• In 1632, Lord Baltimores son, Caecilius Calvert,
  was granted the charter for Maryland
• It was named after King Charles Is wife,
  Henrietta Maria
• Guaranteed proprietor control over all branches
  of government
• As time went on, Baltimore was forced to abandon
  most of this control

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Settling of Maryland

• Because there were not enough Catholic settlers
  to help the colony survive, it was opened up to
  Protestants as well
• Settlers began arriving in 1634 and immediately
  ignored Calverts plans to create his fathers
  haven
• The 3,000-6,000 acre estate plan was abandoned
• They began importing indentured servants and
  growing tobacco
• They also governed themselves locally as much as
  possible
• By 1650 colony had population of 600 but by 1700
  population was 33,000

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• Chesapeake colonies in 1640

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Everyday Life on the Chesapeake

• Life in Chesapeake was dismal
• Only a minority of the population could marry and
  rear a family
• Three times as many men as women
• Marriages were fragile within about seven years,
  a husband or wife was likely to die
• Death claimed half the children before they
  reached adulthood
• Widows often remarried quickly
• Population increase prevented by imbalanced sex
  ratio
• 3570 colonists to Virginia, 16191622
• Men outnumbered women 61 after 1619

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Everyday Life on the Chesapeake

• This ultimate led to complex families
• Further destabilized by large numbers of
  indentured servants
• Contagious disease killed settlers
• In 1618, Virginia population numbered 700
• 16181622, 3000 immigrated
• In 1622, Virginia population numbered 1240
• Major infrastructure was slow to form
• Included churches and schools
• Most lived in crude houses without interior
  partitions
• Even prosperous planters did not construct
  substantial homes until a century after colonys
  founding

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• Sir William Berkeley
• Governor of Virginia (1660-1677)

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Growing Tensions in Virginia

• Prior to 1675 there were many problems affecting
  the settlement in Virginia
• One of these was land hunger
• This was the increasing need to acquire more land
  to satisfy the population
• The wealthy owned most of the best land which
  left very little for the poorer sections of the
  population
• There was also increasing dissatisfaction with
  declining tobacco prices, rising taxes, and lack
  of opportunity
• Tensions also increased between the natives and
  the settlers

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Growing Tensions in Virginia

• In July 1675, the Doeg tribe raided the
  plantation of Thomas Matthews
• It was based on Matthews not paying the tribe for
  certain goods
• A group of frontiersmen led to an attack on the
  Susquehannock in retaliation
• They attacked the wrong tribe
• Governor William Berkeley called an investigation
  into the attack
• Many people refused to listen to him because they
  supported the attack

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Bacons Rebellion

• The retaliation led to more large scale Indian
  raids against the settlers
• In the winter of 1675/6, the Susquehannock
  attacked and killed 36 Virginians
• Now Berkeley was calling for restraint on both
  sides
• Nathaniel Bacon (c.1640-1676)
• A wealthy colonist who decided to take matters
  into his own hands
• Led a group of yeoman farmers wanting land and
  revenge
• In the spring of 1676, he led an attack against
  the friendly Appomattox tribe on accusations of
  stealing corn
• Berkeley refused to sanction the attack

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Bacons Rebellion

• Berkeley wanted to keep relations with the native
  populations on friendly terms
• So he gave them weapons to protect themselves
• To ease the settlers, he called the Long Assembly
  in March 1676
• War was declared on the natives who were
  considered the enemy
• A strong defensive zone was set up around the
  state of Virginia to protect the settlers
• The assembly also raised taxes to pay for the
  army to protect the area

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Bacons Rebellion

• Berkeley then sent militiamen to get Bacon
• Bacon fled into the woods with his men
• Bacon went on to attack the Occaneechee Indians
  on the Roanoke River and took their store of
  beaver pelts
• Berkeley offered Bacon a pardon if he turned
  himself in and returned to England to be tried
• House of Burgesses overturned that and stated
  Bacon must beg for the Governors forgiveness
• Many members of the House were sympathetic to
  Bacons cause
• High taxes, increase in governors powers at
  expense of local officials, monopoly of governor
  and his friends on Native American trade made
  Berkeley unpopular

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Bacons Rebellion

• In order to gather support for his side, Berkeley
  called for elections for a new House of Burgesses
• He tried to rally public support by extending the
  vote to all freemen, not just landowners
• The plan backfired as Bacon was elected to the
  House
• This showed how popular Bacon was
• Bacon apologized to the Governor and was pardoned
• During the Assembly of June 1676, Bacon pushed
  for more colonial reforms and actions against the
  natives
• When Berkeley refused, Bacon had troops take the
  city and the governor was forced to flee

39
Bacons Rebellion

• Declaration of the People of Virginia (June 30,
  1676)
• Bacon stated that Berkeley was corrupt, played
  favorites and protected the Indians for his own
  selfish purposes
• On September 19, 1676, when Berkeley attempted to
  retake Jamestown, Bacon burned it to the ground
• Bacon died on October 26, 1676 of "Bloodie Flux"
  and "Lousey Disease" (body lice)
• Most likely cause of death was dysentery
• It is believed his soldiers burned his body
  because it was never found

40
Bacons Rebellion

• This brought an end to the rebellion
• Ironically, this occurred just as 1100 troops
  headed to colony from England
• Berkeley hanged 23 rebel leaders but also granted
  numerous pardons
• Bacons Rebellion encouraged uprisings in other
  colonies
• In North Carolina, rebels drove the governor from
  power and temporarily seized control
• In Maryland, small planters tried to seize the
  government and two leaders were hanged

41
Bacons Rebellion

• Effects of the Rebellion
• Prejudice and hatred of the natives became
  commonplace in Virginia
• Most of Bacons reforms were annulled by the
  emerging planter aristocracy
• More land was opened up by the war for the
  settlers which in turn relieved social tension
• Tension was further relieved by shift from
  indentured servants to slaves
• This lead to racially divided rather than
  economically divided society

42

• Nathaniel Bacon
• (c.1640-1676)

43
Transition to Slave Labor

• The English first looked to Native Americans as a
  source of labor
• However, disease and the determination of the
  tribes made them difficult to subjugate
• For most of 17th century, the colonists relied on
  white indentured labor
• Beginning in 1610, a few Africans entered the
  Chesapeake colonies
• As late as 1671 there were still fewer than 3,000
  Africans in Virginia
• Only in last quarter of 17th century did labor
  force shift to black slaves

44
Transition to Slave Labor

• Reasons for shift to slave labor
• Rising commercial power of England increased
  their participation in the slave trade
• Allowed southern planters to purchase slaves more
  readily and cheaply starting in 1680s
• Supply of white servants began drying up
• Bacons Rebellion encouraged search for more
  pliant labor force
• Early African slaves were brought over as bond
  servants
• Worked a term of labor and then were set free
• Once free, they could buy land and hire out labor
• Their children, like those of white indentured
  servants, were born free

45
Transition to Slave Labor

• Chesapeake planters gradually began to tighten
  descriptions of slavery
• They ended all rights of Africans and established
  Black Codes of behavior
• Over time, Africans lost more and more freedoms
• In 1640s, Virginia forbade all blacks from
  carrying firearms
• In 1660s, marriages between white women and black
  servants were outlawed
• By end of century, free blacks were pushed to
  margins of society
• Slavery was now associated with black skin and
  slaves were seen as property
• Eventually, slavery became a hereditary state

46
Transition to Slave Labor

• The main step in dehumanization of Africans was
  hereditary lifetime slavery
• Mothers condition passed to child
• Slavery was not only a system of forced labor but
  a pattern of human relationships enforced by law
• Black codes prevented slaves from testifying in
  court, engaging in commercial activity, holding
  property, congregating in public, traveling
  without permission, or legally marrying or
  becoming parents

47

• Massachusetts Bay Colony

48
The Massachusetts Colony

• Since the early 1500s, fishermen had worked off
  the coasts of Cape Cod and Maine
• In 1614, Captain John Smith coined the term New
  England while he was hunting whales off the
  coast
• Some of the people who settled in New England in
  the early 1600s did so to build a more religious
  society
• Dedicated to transforming a corrupt world
• Belief in special mission
• Attempt to banish religious diversity
• The religious situation in England made it
  difficult for those who were not Anglican to
  practice their faith

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Pilgrims

• Act of Uniformity (1559)
• Made it illegal not to attend the official Church
  of England services
• Conducting unofficial services was subject to
  imprisonment
• Hampton Court Conference (1604)
• James I was not willing to allow the Puritans or
  other Separatists to be independent from the
  Church of England
• The Pilgrims were a separatist movement
• They were led by Robert Clyfton, who was a parson
  in Nottinghamshire from 1586 to 1605
• In 1605, Clyfton was stripped of his position as
  parson and was replaced by an Anglican minister
• In 1606, the Archbishop began a campaign to drive
  out all Papists and Separatists out of the
  country

50
Pilgrims

• The Pilgrims attempted to migrate to Amsterdam, a
  more tolerant city
• They were unable to get necessary papers to leave
  England
• They tried to bribe their way onto a ship in 1607
  but were all arrested
• A second attempt was made in the Spring 1608
• An armed contingent showed up before the women
  and children could board
• The men were able to get the ship out in time but
  those left behind were arrested
• Ultimately, 150 members total made it to Amsterdam

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Pilgrims

• The situation in Amsterdam did not turn out any
  better
• The combination of the lack of opportunity,
  language barriers, and the threat of Spanish
  retaliation in the Netherlands prompted the
  Puritans to seek a better location
• On June 19, 1619, the Puritans were able to
  negotiate a charter with the London Company
• King James would not officially recognize them as
  an English colony
• The charters finalization was changed and
  delayed numerous times
• They were finally were given a land grant in New
  England

52
Pilgrims

• Not everyone could settle personal matters by the
  time of the voyage
• It was decided that the young and strong would
  make the first passage
• Two ships were purchased the Speedwell and the
  Mayflower
• William Brewster would lead the American
  congregation in the New World
• They were forced to stop at Plymouth, England
  because the Speedwell was taking on water
• The boat was sold and part of that crew was taken
  aboard the Mayflower

53
Pilgrims

• They set sail again on September 6, 1620
• One crewman and one passenger died en route
• A child was born en route and named Oceanus
• Land was spotted on November 10, 1620
• Pilgrims had hoped to sail down to the Hudson
  area but encountered reefs and shoals too
  difficult to pass
• Decided to land at Provincetown the next day
• Exploration groups found native graves and
  unoccupied buildings, which they quickly
  scavenged through
• They attributed this booty to Gods good
  providence

54
Pilgrims on Cape Cod

• By December 1620, most of the settlers were sick
  with scurvy
• First contact with the native Nauset tribe was
  made on December 20, 1620
• They fled when they saw the settlers
• The next day, the natives returned and lobbed
  arrows at the settlers until the settlers got
  their guns and returned fire
• Explorers traveled farther west and discovered
  the abandoned village of Patuxet
• It was proof that the local natives had been
  affected by smallpox and were thus weakened
• They also found a suitable location for a
  permanent settlement in present day Plymouth

55
Pilgrims in Plymouth

• First permanent settlement took root in 1620 at
  New Plymouth
• They were ill-prepared for harsh winter
  encountered upon arrival in November 1620
• Half of the colonists, including 13 of the 18
  married women died
• William Bradford became governor of the Plymouth
  Colony in 1621
• Bradford signed a peace treaty with Massasoit of
  the local Wampanoag tribe on March 22, 1621

56
Pilgrims in Plymouth

• In the autumn of 1621 they celebrated a three-day
  harvest feast with the native Wampanoag people
• Without their help, the Pilgrims would not have
  survived the winter of 1620/1
• Over time, more and more people, including
  non-Pilgrims came to settle the land
• One of the larger groups were the Puritans
• In 1691, the colony was absorbed by Massachusetts
  Bay Colony

57

• Puritans come to the New World

58
Puritans

• The Puritans were Protestants in England who
  followed Calvinism
• Their beliefs
• Believed they were The Elect, those predestined
  for salvation
• Stressed hard work as a primary method of serving
  God
• Organized themselves into religious congregations
• Each member hoped for personal salvation but also
  supported others in their quest
• Assumed responsibility for coercing and
  controlling unconverted people around them

59
Puritans

• Adherents to the Puritan movement
• Wanted to purify the Church of England
• Hoped that religion would provide an antidote to
  the unsettling changes taking place in England
• Feared the crumbling of traditional restraints of
  English society
• Wanted to preserve the ideal of community and the
  belief that people were bound together by
  reciprocal rights and responsibilities
• Puritans clashed with James I and Charles I
• By 1629, many felt ready to expatriate to the New
  World if it meant religious freedom

60
Puritans

• They believed that God intended for them to go to
  the New World
• This way they would be able to carry their
  religious and social reforms beyond the reach of
  the persecuting authorities
• A declining economy added to their discouragement
  about England
• In 1629, the Puritan-controlled Massachusetts Bay
  Company received a charter from Charles I
• In 1630, the Puritans arrived in Boston

61
The Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Their intention was to establish communities of
  pure Christians who collectively swore a covenant
  with God
• They were determined to set up a nation under
  God in the New World
• Those who settled there were willing to give up
  certain freedoms to get religious freedom
• Their first winter (1630/1631) was extremely
  harsh
• More than 200 of first 700 settlers perished
  while 100 returned to England

62
The Massachusetts Bay Colony

• The colony grew due to steady flow of immigrants
  who were fleeing religious persecution
• By the end of 1631, there were 2,000 colonists
• Expanded into Rhode Island and Connecticut
• Thrived because were predominantly families with
  appropriate skills and a strong work ethic
• From 1630 to 1642 over 18,000 colonizers came to
  New England
• Not all of them were Puritans
• Their economy was based on free labor
• It focused on agriculture, fishing, timbering and
  trading for beaver with local Native Americans

63
The Massachusetts Bay Colony

• The Puritans established a representative
  democracy
• Free male church members (freemen) annually
  elected its officials including the governor
• Their assembly was composed of two houses
• General Court - Voted and selected two deputies
  from each town
• Councilors This one was composed of the
  governors assistants
• Consent of both houses was required to pass laws

64
The Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641)
• It was the first code of laws set down in the
  colony
• Reflected the combination of religious beliefs
  and laws
• It included such things as freedom from military
  draft, monopolies, and restrictions upon hunting
• In 1636, Harvard was founded
• The first printing press was established there in
  1638
• In 1642, the Massachusetts school law was passed
• Requiring that every male child learn how to read
  and write
• This way they would be able to read the Bible and
  understand the laws

65
The Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Even with such advanced movements, the Puritans
  still suffered internal tensions
• Thomas Morton (c. 1579-1647)
• Founded Merry Mount (Near Quincy, MA) in 1626
• Wanted to create a utopian community where
  every man was a freeman
• He also encouraged trading with the native
  populations
• This including giving them salt to preserve food
• Pilgrims condemned Morton as a heathen
• Morton was known for his drinking and
  fraternizing with the Native Americans
• He also celebrated a May Day festival, which was
  highly frowned upon because of its ties to pagan
  religions

66
The Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Puritans did not like him either
• May have been due to the fact that Merry Mount
  was the fastest growing colony in New England
• In May 1628, Morton held a second May Day
  festival
• He was arrested by Miles Standish, thrown in the
  stockades and then exiled from the colony
• Morton returned to the colony two years later but
  was rearrested and banished
• Governor William Bradford wrote
• They... set up a May-pole, drinking and dancing
  about it many days together, inviting the Indian
  women, for their consorts, dancing and frisking
  together (like so many fairies, or furies rather)
  and worse practices.

67

• Morton and friends erecting a may pole

68
Roger Williams (c.1603-1683)

• Roger Williams (c.1603-1683)
• A Puritan minister who emigrated to Massachusetts
  in 1630
• When he arrived he had certain problems with the
  Puritans there
• Williams considered himself a Separatist
• He wanted complete severance with the Church of
  England
• Puritans still considered themselves to be a part
  of the CoE
• Puritans combined religion and government
• Williams believed in Soul Liberty People
  should have freedom of opinion on religious
  matters
• He argued that government officials should
  confine themselves to civil affairs and not
  interfere with religious matters
• He was against mandatory worship

69
Roger Williams (c.1603-1683)

• He also charged the Puritans with illegally
  intruding on Native American lands
• In 1636, the colony issued a Decree of Banishment
  against Williams
• Williams fled with followers and founded
  Providence in what would become Rhode Island
• He named it Providence because God had taken care
  of him and his followers and saw that he was
  brought to this new land
• He set up a government that expressly provided
  for religious liberty and a separation between
  civil and ecclesiastical authority

70

• Narragansett Indians receiving Roger Williams

71
Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)

• Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)
• Her father was Francis Marbury, an outspoken
  Deacon at Christ Church in Cambridge
• He believed that most CoE ministers wanted their
  jobs for political reasons, not religious
• He had been arrested numerous times for
  subversive words of dissent
• As a child, Anne studied the Bible
• She was not afraid to be assertive or to question
  the principles of the church
• In 1634, Anne Hutchison, her husband and her
  children moved to Massachusetts to seek religious
  freedom

72
Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)

• She found that the colonies did not have the
  religious freedom she sought
• Instead she found very strict rules set by the
  Puritan church
• Was not allow to express her faith in her own
  personal way
• The oppressed had become the oppressors
• She began to lead Bible study classes for women
• Discussed the Scriptures and review the sermons
• Gave her a forum to discuss her opinions with
  others and over time became popular
• She believed in salvation through faith alone
• Its your faith, not what you do, that will
  save you
• She denounced that good work and restriction of
  behavior was required for salvation

73
Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)

• She began to suggest that some members of the
  clergy were not among the Elect
• Elect were those who were predestined to go
  to Heaven
• If they were not among the Elect, they were not
  entitled to any spiritual authority
• She questioned the role of women in Puritan
  society
• Puritans believed that giving women the freedom
  to think the same as giving them to freedom to
  sin
• This would unravel the fabric of society
• By 1636 Boston was dividing into two camps
• Those who supported Hutchinson
• Those who followed the strict guidelines of the
  Puritan church

74
Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)

• There were many in the colony who were unhappy
  with the Puritan lifestyle
• The strict Puritans saw her as offensive
• She questioned the subordinate position of women
• In August 1637, Hutchinson was put on trial
• Convicted of sedition and contempt in a civil
  trial for holding subversive gatherings
• She was banished from the colony
• In March 1638, the First Church of Boston
  excommunicated her
• Hutchinson and some of her followers went to
  Rhode Island
• She eventually settled in the Bronx where she
  died after an attack by the Mahican Indians

75

• Anne Hutchinson on trial

76
Relations Between Puritans and Natives

• Puritan settlers had a very negative impression
  about the native populations
• The original Massachusetts Charter talked about
  converting natives
• However, Winthrops instructions were to train
  all men in use of firearms because the natives
  were seen as a threat
• This was a change from the English policy in the
  16th century which required the disarming of the
  population to quell public disorder
• Magistrates attempted to quell the threat by
  the natives
• They threatened to deport any colonist selling
  arms to the Indians or training them in their use
• They also prevented natives from entering Puritan
  towns

77
Relations Between Puritans and Natives

• Initial Puritan conflict was sporadic because the
  Natives had been devastated by disease
• In 1616, English fisherman triggered an outbreak
  of smallpox and respiratory viruses that killed ¾
  of the 125,000 population
• Puritans saw this as God intervening on their
  side
• Natives originally welcomed Puritans
• They had surplus land and hoped that through
  trade, they would gain English protection against
  tribal enemies to the north

78
Relations Between Puritans and Natives

• Puritans did attempt to Christianize natives
• Believed that God would punish them for not
  civilizing the natives
• Tried to make the savages strictly accountable
  to their ordinances
• This succeeded with smaller, disease-ravaged
  tribes of eastern Massachusetts but not in the
  larger populated areas
• As the population increased, the settlers began
  looking at tribal land that had not been affected
  by disease
• This lead to increasing conflict
• During the 1630s, the Connecticut River Valley
  became a hotbed of tension between settlers and
  natives

79

• Indian Tribes (c. 1636)

80
Pequot War of 1637

• The Pequot Indians, one of many tribes in the
  region, were aggressively extending their control
  over the area
• They were fighting the Wampanoag, Narraganset,
  Algonquians, and Mohegan tribes
• Those tribes, in turn, were fighting with one
  another for dominance and control of trade with
  the settlers
• In 1634, the one of the Pequot tributaries, the
  West Niantic, murdered privateer John Stone
• The Niantic thought he had been a Dutch trader
  involved in the murder of a local sachem
• Stone was a privateer and smuggler and probably
  had been kidnapping natives to sell as slaves

81
Pequot War of 1637

• The Puritans knew of Stones actions
• They still considered his murder one of many
  crimes committed by the Pequot
• Sassacus, the Pequot chief sachem, wanted to
  negotiate peace terms with the Massachusetts Bay
  Colony
• The Colony was willing to do this as long as
  certain requirements were met
• The Pequot were required to hand over Stones
  killers
• They had to allow English purchases of land and
  settlement in the Connecticut Valley
• And they had to pay a substantial restitution of
  four hundred fathoms of wampum, forty beaver
  skins, and thirty otter skins

82
Pequot War of 1637

• The Pequot were not going to agree to such an
  exorbitant sum
• The Puritans promised to send them a trader to
  open up trade with them
• John Oldham, the trader, was murdered en route by
  the Niantic on Block Island
• They were a tributary group of the Narragansett
• The Bay Colony sent John Endicott out to seek
  retribution against the Block Islanders
• Most of the Niantic in the village escaped
• Endicott burned down the village and crops and
  confiscated their winter food supply

83
Pequot War of 1637

• Endicott then attacked a Pequot village near Fort
  Saybrook
• Demanded old payment for the death of Stone and a
  new one for Oldham
• Pequot stalled and were able to escape before
  Endicott burned down their village and crops and
  took their winter stores
• April 23, 1637 the Pequot retaliated by raiding
  the town of Wethersfield
• They killed nine settlers, including three women,
  and kidnapping two girls
• This gave the English the excuse for a full scale
  war of extermination against the Pequots

84
Pequot War of 1637

• Mystic Massacre (May 26, 1637)
• John Mason along with 400 men led a surprise
  attack on Misistuck (Mystic)
• Most of the Pequot men were not in the village as
  they were preparing a raid on Hartford
• Mason ordered the village to be set on fire,
  killing almost all the natives in the village
  (estimated to be between 600-700)
• The remaining Pequot fled the area to seek refuge
  with the southern Algonquian peoples
• Mohegan and Narragansett tribes hunted down those
  who fled

85
Pequot War of 1637

• In June 1637, John Mason fought the largest group
  of Pequot refugees near present-day Fairfield
• 180 Pequot were killed or captured
• Puritan colonial officials continued to encourage
  the hunting down of the remaining Pequot
• Treaty of Hartford (1637)
• The victorious Mohegan and Narragansett tribes
  met at the General Court of Connecticut
• They agreed on the disposition of the Pequot and
  their lands
• The surviving Pequots were sold into slavery
• Colonists were able to claim the land on the
  basis of this being a just war

86

• Pequot War (1637)

87
Growing Tensions

• After the Pequot War, there were mounting
  tensions between the Puritans and the Natives
• There were three major tribal powers left in
  southern New England
• The Narragansett, Mohegan, and Wampanoag
• The Puritans continued to seek land in their
  territories
• By 1670s, New England population had reached
  50,000
• There was a growing dependence on English goods
  by the Wampanoag
• They were willing to sell their land to get them

88
Growing Tensions

• Beginning in 1646, John Eliot led a campaign to
  Christianize the natives
• Over 1,000 Native Americans converted and settled
  into numerous praying villages
• There they gave up their savage ways and were
  civilized
• The policy of the Puritans to convert the natives
  led to even more tensions between the English and
  the natives
• Many tribes refused to allow missionaries into
  their villages
• In 1662, Metacomet became the Grand Sachem of the
  Wampanoag Confederacy
• The English called him King Philip, HRH Crown
  Prince of Rhode Island

89

• Metacomet
• aka King Philip
• (c.1639-1676)

90
King Philips War (1675-1676)

• King Philip began a resistance movement against
  the Puritan settlers
• He had an open distrust of the English
• He believed that the Wampanoag had not only given
  up their territory to the Puritans but also their
  political rights as well
• In 1675, John Sassmon, a Praying Indian
  translator was murdered
• He had allegedly just relayed information about a
  pan-tribal attack the colonists
• The Puritans arrested three Wampanoag and
  executed them for his murder in June 1675
• Many of the Wampanoag believed they had been set
  up by the settlers

91
King Philips War (1675-1676)

• In response, a band of Pokanoket Indians attacked
  a number of homesteads in the Swansea area
• They laid siege to the town and burned it down
• The English, in return, set up an expedition to
  destroy the Wampanoag town at Mount Hope (present
  day Bristol, RI)
• By that autumn, the Wampanoag were joined by many
  tribes including Narragansett
• By November 1675, natives had destroyed
  settlements in the entire upper Connecticut River
  valley
• This was done through a series of raids
• The settlers, in turn, retaliated against native
  settlements

92
King Philips War (1675-1676)

• Great Swamp Massacre (December 16, 1675)
• English attacked the Narragansett stronghold near
  South Kingstown, RI
• 300 Narragansett were killed and their food
  stores destroyed
• By March 12, 1676, the native forces were less
  than 20 miles from Boston
• Attacked but could not overtake the Plymouth
  Plantation
• Natives almost succeeded in driving out the
  English
• Plagued with food shortages, disease, and lack of
  ammunition
• Metacomets allies began to desert him
• August 12, 1676 Metacomet was killed in battle
• His head was displayed in Plymouth for 25 years

93
King Philips War (1675-1676)

• The war was very costly for both sides
• Thousands of colonists and natives were dead
• Out of the 90 Puritan towns, more than have had
  been attacked, and 13 of those were completely
  destroyed
• Whole native villages were destroyed and their
  populations killed, including a few praying
  towns
• Cost of war was over 150,000 which exceeded the
  value of all personal property in New England
• Because of the devastation to the settlers, they
  did not expand their territory for another 40
  years
• There was now plenty of land to be settled on

94

• King Philips War (1675-1676)

95
Slavery and Economy in New England

• New Englands crops were not labor intensive
• Coerced labor never became the foundation of its
  workforce
• Slavery did take root in cities where slaves
  worked as artisans and domestic servants
• The economy of New England was tied in heavily to
  the Atlantic commercial network
• That depended on slavery and slave trade
• New England merchants participated heavily in
  trade
• This included over half the merchant fleet of
  Newport by 1750
• Became more involved as New England became the
  center for distilling rum (Rum Triangle)

96
Changes to England

• English Civil War (1642-1649)
• Between royalist/Anglicans and parliamentarians/Pu
  ritans
• Charles I was beheaded in 1649
• Commonwealth and Protectorate (1649-1659)
• Under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell
• Puritans were in charge of the government and
  were now able to reform religion and society in
  England
• Because of this, there was end of migration to
  the New World
• In 1643, the Confederation of New England was
  formed
• It was designed to coordinate the Puritan
  governments of New England
• Rhode Island was excluded

97

• New France (c. 1645)

98
French Conflicts with Natives

• In the 1620s, the Dutch began to settle the
  Hudson River area
• They traded with the Iroquois for fur in exchange
  for firearms
• By the 1640s, the beaver had been almost
  exterminated from the northern regions of New
  York
• The Iroquois turned their attentions to the Huron
  and Algonquin beaver supply
• The Huron had already been decimated by disease
  spread by Jesuit priests which made them an easy
  target
• In 1647, the Iroquois attacked Huron villages
  along the St. Lawrence River
• They hoped this would disrupt the French fur
  trade
• The attacks started off with small villages

99
French Conflicts with Natives

• In March 1649, the Iroquois attacked the
  mission-villages of St. Ignace and St. Louis
• The towns were destroyed
• Hundreds of Huron were killed along with two
  Jesuit missionaries
• By the 1650s, the Iroquois began to attack the
  French directly
• The Oneida and Onondaga had friendly relations
  with the French but were imposed upon by the more
  powerful Mohawk
• In 1661, the French King Louis XV declared war
  against the Iroquois
• This starts the French-Iroquois War

100
French-Iroquois Wars

• In 1664, the Dutch lost their control of New
  Netherlands to the English
• With this, the Iroquois lost valuable allies
• In 1665, the French king made New France a royal
  colony
• This was mainly to protect the colony against any
  possible attack by the English
• French troops were sent that year to the colony
  as reinforcements for the settlers
• This was due to the threat of the Iroquois and as
  well as the English to the south
• This marks the turning point of the war

101
French-Iroquois Wars

• In January 1666, the French captured and
  imprisoned the Mohawk Chief Canaqueese
• He was known as the Flemish Bastard because his
  father had been Dutch
• In a series of attacks in September 1666, the
  French traveled down to Lake Champlain
• There they found a number of recently abandoned
  Iroquois villages
• Instead of chasing after the Iroquois, they
  burned the villages and crops
• This led to the death of many Iroquois due to
  starvation that winter

102
French-Iroquois Wars

• By 1667, the Iroquois had been decimated by
  smallpox and starvation
• They sued for peace
• Many of the French troops called in to help with
  the war remained to settle in Quebec and Montreal
  after it
• The settlers then set up their own militia to
  protect the settlements
• In 1683, Governor General Louis de Buade decided
  to expand New Frances fur trade
• He did so by moving into areas still controlled
  by the Iroquois

103
French-Iroquois Wars

• La Petit Guerre Little War
• The French began using the same tactics on the
  Iroquois that they had used on them
• Long silent expeditions through the forests
• Sudden violent descents on the villages
• Inhabitants were slaughtered or taken as
  prisoners
• French also used these tactics on English
  settlements as well
• Grande Paix (1698)
• It was signed by the English, the French, and 39
  Indian chiefs
• Iroquois would act as a buffer between the
  English and the French
• Iroquois would have to stop raiding and allow
  refugee tribes to return to the area

104

• New Netherland

105
New Netherland

• Henry Hudson first explored the Hudson River
  valley in 1609
• He did this with the Dutch East India Company
• Land patent was granted to the New Netherland
  Company in 1614
• The Dutch settled significant regions of the
  mid-Atlantic coast of North America
• Governors Island was the first Dutch settlement
  in 1624
• Fort Amsterdam was built in 1625
• They then expanded north to the Connecticut River
  valley and south and east to the Delaware River
  valley

106
New Netherland

• New Netherland was small, profitable, and
  multicultural
• Dutch established lucrative fur trade and got
  along with Iroquois
• The members of the Protestant Dutch Reformed
  Church believed in conversion through example
  rather than force
• Dutch government required that the colony
  followed the homeland law of religious plurality
• This allowed members of other churches (i.e.
  Quakers, Catholics, and Jews) to settle there
• Dutch settlers were few in number
• Never more than 10,000 at its peak
• This is compared to the 50,000 each in Chesapeake
  and New England in 1650
• Their commercial and naval powers were impressive

107
England Challenges the Dutch

• England and the Netherlands became bitter
  commercial rivals in mid-1600s in Europe
• Dutch owned 16,000 of Europes 20,000 merchant
  ships
• Dutch had amassed vast business ventures spread
  around the world
• Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the
  colony, approached the English Bay Colony to
  negotiate new borders with them
• Treaty of Hartford (1650)
• Between the Dutch and English
• Dutch gave up most of Connecticut to have Long
  Island
• Dutch West India company refused to recognize the
  treaty

108
England Challenges the Dutch

• Starting in 1650, the English were ready to
  challenge the Dutchs maritime supremacy
• First Anglo-Dutch War (1652-1654)
• This was fought entirely at sea
• The English gained control of the seas around
  England
• They forced the Dutch to accept Cromwells
  Navigation Act of 1651 which prevented trade with
  the Dutch
• On August 27, 1664 the English take New Amsterdam
• They met no resistance
• Dutch there had received no help from the Dutch
  West India Company against Indian attacks
• Part of the transfer deal included that the Dutch
  settlers would retain their freedom of religion

109
England Challenges the Dutch

• The Dutch continued to trade to English colonies
  while the English wanted to stop the Dutch trade
  powerhouse
• In 1665, the English began having financial
  problems
• Great Plague of London and the Great Fire of
  London (1665-1666) financially strained the
  government
• Sailors had to be paid with debt certificates,
  not money
• English financed their navy with goods and
  supplies captured from Dutch ships
• Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-1667)
• In June 1667, the Dutch attacked the English
  fleet in port at Medway, England
• What was left of the English fleet was either
  destroyed or taken by the Dutch

110
England Challenges the Dutch

• Treaty of Breda (July 31, 1667)
• English were able to keep New Netherland
• Dutch kept the sugar plantations in Suriname and
  their nutmeg monopoly in the East Indies
• Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-1674)
• In August 1673, the Dutch recaptured New
  Amsterdam with 21 ships
• New Amsterdam was renamed New Orange
• This time the English were aligned with the
  French and the German bishops of Munster and
  Cologne