Publisher The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Tinley Park, Illinois

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PowerPoint Presentation
PublisherThe Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.Tinley
Park, Illinois
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Chapter 14

• Wall and Ceiling Construction

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Chapter 14 Overview

• Introduction
• Frame Wall Construction
• Steel Framing
• General Framing Considerations
• Masonry Wall Construction
• Brick Names and Sizes
• Traditional Three-Coat Stucco

4
Learning Objectives

• List the members of a typical frame wall.
• Explain methods of frame wall construction.
• Explain information shown on a ceiling joist span
  data chart.
• Sketch the various types of exterior walls used
  in residential construction.

(continued)
5
Learning Objectives

• Explain the applications, advantages, and
  disadvantages of steel framing in residential
  construction.
• Identify the basic processes used to produce a
  quality, three-coat stucco finish.

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Introduction

• Residential wall construction is generally one of
  three types
• Frame construction.
• Masonry construction.
• Combination frame and masonry.
• Wall panels may be constructed on site or
  prefabricated at another location.

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Frame Wall Construction

• Frame wall construction involves the proper
  arrangement of wall framing members.
• Typical framing members include
• Sole plate, top plates, studs, and bracing.
• Plates and studs are usually 2" x 4" lumber.
• Headers or lintels are typically larger stock.
• Bracing may be 1" x 4" stock, metal strap, or
  plywood sheathing.

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Frame Wall Construction

• Computer-generated framing representation.

(ART, Inc.)
9
Frame Wall Construction

• Typical framed corner.

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Frame Wall Construction

• Framing lumber must
• Have good stiffness and nail-holding properties.
• Be free from warp and easy to work.
• Species that meet these criteria include
• Douglas fir, southern yellow pine, hemlock,
  spruce, and larch.
• Lumber grade commonly used is No. 2.
• Moisture content should be 15 to 19.

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Frame Wall Construction

• A wall is usually constructed on the subfloor
  since it provides a large, flat work surface.
• An entire wall panel may be built as a unit or
  may be built in sections.
• Exterior frame walls may be flush with the
  outside of the foundation wall or moved 1/2" to
  3/4" inside for sheathing.

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Exterior Wall Placement
13
Specialized CADD Software

• Specialized CADD software is available to aid in
  the design of frame walls.
• Automatic framing plans and material lists are
  possible with some software packages.
• However, a thorough understanding of frame wall
  construction is necessary.

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Bottom Plates

• Construction of a frame wall begins with the sole
  plate.
• Stud spacing is marked off on the sole plate.
• Sole plate acts as an anchor for the wall panels.

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Wall Studs

• Wall studs are cut to length and nailed to the
  sole plate.
• Usual length of the studs is 7'-0".
• A plate is nailed to the top of the studs.
• A second plate is added after the wall is in
  place.
• Distance from the top of the subfloor to the
  bottom of the ceiling joists is usually 8'-1
  1/2", providing an 8' wall height.

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Headers Over Openings

• Openings for doors and windows are framed as the
  studs are put into place.
• Each wall opening requires a header to support
  the weight above the opening in a frame wall.
• Headers are made with solid blocking or cripple
  construction.

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Solid Blocking

• In solid blocking, the header size is increased
  to completely fill the space from the top of the
  rough opening to the top plate.

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Solid Blocking Headers

• Solid blocking headers are made from two 2" x 12"
  pieces of dimensional lumber with 1/2" plywood
  between them to form a 3-1/2" thick header.
• Trimmers are placed inside the opening to support
  the header.
• Construction time is reduced, but shrinkage is
  increased.

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Cripple Construction for Headers

• Headers with cripple construction uses cripple
  studs to fill the space between the header and
  top plate.
• Cripple studs are short studs.
• Trimmers are placed inside the opening to support
  the header.

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Cripple Construction for Headers
21
Headers

• Header size will vary with the span and load
  requirements.
• The length of a header is equal to the width of
  the rough opening plus the thickness of two
  trimmers.
• Trussed headers are required for openings wider
  than 8'-0" or where heavy loads are expected.

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Headers

• The rough opening for a window is the area
  between the trimmers and the rough sill and
  header.

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Header Sizes and Spans
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Trussed Headers

• Trussed headers increase the supporting strength
  and possible span.

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Rough Openings in Frame Walls

• Rough openings for windows and doors are
  dimensioned to the center of the opening in a
  frame wall.
• Specific dimensions are provided by the window
  and door schedule.
• Width is listed first and the height second.
• Rough opening height is usually 6'-10".

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Exterior Corners and Bracing

• There are several methods of framing exterior
  corner walls
• The corner must provide a nailing edge for
  interior wall material
• The corner must provide adequate support for the
  structure

(continued)
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Exterior Corners and Bracing

• Corner framing.

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Exterior Corners and Bracing

• Corner bracing is required by most codes.
• Two methods of bracing are commonly used
• Diagonal corner bracing using 1" x 4" lumber or
  metal straps.
• Corner bracing using a sheet of 1/2" plywood or
  similar panel.

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Exterior Corners and Bracing

• Corner bracing.

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Interior Framed Walls

• Interior framed walls are constructed in the same
  way as exterior walls.
• They have sole plates, studs, and double top
  plates.
• Interior walls are securely fastened to the walls
  they intersect.
• A nailing edge must be provided for drywall,
  paneling, etc.

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Interior Framed Walls

• Framing intersecting walls.

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Steel Framing

• Steel framing is gaining in popularity for
  several reasons.
• Quality wood is scarce and expensive.
• Steel framing has performed well in commercial
  construction.
• Steel framing is made from a recyclable material.
• Price of steel has been relatively stable.

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Steel Framing

• Steel framing is used on this large structure.

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Steel Framing

• Advantages for the builder include
• Generally fewer framing members required.
• Steel will not rot, shrink, swell, split, or
  burn.
• Steel is consistent in quality and pricing.
• Standard precut shapes are available.
• Lengths up to 40' are possible.
• Steel members weigh less than wood.
• Framing members have prepunched holes for piping
  and electrical wiring.
• Accommodates typical finishing materials.

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Steel Framing

• Advantages for the homeowner include
• Does not require treatment for termites.
• Free of chemicals needed to treat wood.
• Provides increased design flexibility.
• Resists fire, earthquake, and hurricanes.
• Lower insurance premium.
• Remodeling is easier because nonbearing walls can
  be easily removed, altered, and relocated.

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Steel Framing

• Environmental benefits include
• All steel products are recyclable without
  degradation or loss of properties.
• The steel industry is the single largest recycler
  in North America.
• Steel is the easiest and most economical material
  to remove from the solid waste stream.
• The amount of energy required to produce a ton of
  steel is continually being reduced.

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Steel Framing

• Disadvantages include
• Lack of familiarity with the product.
• Education about steel framing systems methods
  and capabilities is needed.
• Engineering analysis is required.
• Thermal performance of steel frame structures
  remains unanswered.
• Steel framing members are flimsy and hard to work
  with and eye protection is absolutely required.

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Steel Framing Components

• The structural C or C-section is the most used
  shape for framing.
• Standard dimensions are nearly identical to those
  of dimensional lumber.
• Flange widths are generally 1-1/2" and webs range
  from 2" to 12".
• Thickness ranges from 12 to 22 gauge .
• Load-bearing applications use 16 to 20 gauge
  steel C-sections.

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Steel Framing Components

• Light gauge steel framing.

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Steel Framing Components

• The C-section is available unpunched or
  prepunched in lengths from 8' to 16'.
• Track or channel members are used for rim joists,
  top and bottom plates, and blocking.
• Track is available in lengths up to 10'.
• Hot-rolled channel is used for furring.
• All members are fastened with screws.

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Steel Framing Application

• Base of wall at slab on grade.

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Steel Wall and Roof Systems

• Construction elements of a framed house include
  three main assemblies
• Floors, walls, and roofs.
• Two types of steel studs are used for walls
• Structural C for load-bearing walls.
• Drywall studs for nonbearing partitions.

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Steel Wall and Roof Systems

• C studs range in size from 2-1/2" to 8" and
  thickness from .034" to .071".
• Drywall studs range from 1-5/8" to 6" and
  thickness from .018" to .034".
• The broad range of steel framing members
  available allows this system to be used in
  virtually any roof system.

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Steel Wall and Roof Systems

• Steel framed roof section.

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Ceiling Construction

• Ceiling joists may be put in place after
  exterior and interior walls are finished.
• Joists are generally positioned in the same
  direction as the rafters.
• Ceiling joist size will depend on load, span,
  wood species, joist spacing, etc.
• Check your local code.

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Ceiling Construction

• See Figure 14-16 in the text for more span data.

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Ceiling Construction

• Basic construction of the ceiling is similar to
  floor construction, except
• A header is not required around the perimeter.
• Smaller size lumber is used.
• Long spans may require support from a bearing
  wall partition or beam.

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Ceiling Construction

• Two methods of supporting ceiling joists with a
  built-up beam.

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Ceiling Construction

• The upper corner of a ceiling joist often
  interferes with the roof slope.
• The corner is usually cut to match the slope.

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General Framing Considerations

• An access hole must be provided in the ceiling to
  allow entry into the attic.
• Framing around ceiling openings is the same as
  for openings in the floor.
• Double headers are used for large holes.
• Special framing is required for openings for
  heating ducts, wall backing for various fixtures,
  and extra support for the bathtub.

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Special Framing Details
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Special Framing Details

• The framing for a bay window presents special
  problems.

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Masonry Wall Construction

• A masonry wall may be solid or cavity-type wall.
• Masonry walls may be brick, concrete block,
  stone, clay tile, terra cotta, or combination of
  these materials.
• Masonry walls for residential construction are
  usually 8" thick.
• Concrete block walls are also called cavity walls.

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Masonry Wall Construction

• A solid masonry wall using a header course to
  bond the two thicknesses together.

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Masonry Wall Construction

• A cavity wall that uses corrugated metal wall
  ties to bond the two thicknesses together.
• Wall tie spacing should be 16" vertically and 32"
  horizontally.

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Masonry Wall Construction

• Furring strips are required on the inside of the
  wall for drywall, plaster, or paneling.
• Furring strips are usually 2" x 2" or 1" x 3"
  lumber.

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Firecuts

• A firecut is used when floor joists are placed
  directly into solid masonry walls.
• Each joist end is cut at an angle to prevent wall
  damage in case of fire.

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Flashing and Termite Shields

• Flashing and termite shields should be used at
  the base of solid masonry or brick veneer walls.
• Flashing prevents moisture from entering the
  structure.

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Attaching Top Plates

• The top plate for the roof must be anchored
  securely to the solid masonry wall.
• Anchor bolts are used to secure the plate.

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Stonework

• Stonework is often used to provide a decorative
  look.
• Stonework is commonly classified as ashlar or
  rubble.
• Ashlar stonework uses dressed, cut, or squared
  stones.
• Rubble stonework is made from undressed stones of
  irregular shapes.

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Stonework

• In ashlar stonework, each stone is generally
  rectangular in shape, a specific size, and fits
  in an exact place in the pattern.

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Stonework

• If the stones are generally flat and rectangular,
  the result may resemble courses (rows) of stone
• This is called coursed rubble.

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Stonework

• When rubble stonework has a random pattern, it is
  called random rubble stonework.

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Stonework

• Uncoursed cobweb or polygonal rubble stonework
  consists of stones that are dressed with
  relatively straight edges to fit a particular
  place in the pattern.

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Masonry Veneer

• Masonry veneer has just about replaced solid
  brick and stone walls.
• Brick or stone veneer provides the same visual
  effect as solid brick or stone walls.
• Brick or stone veneer is considered to be a
  facing material and does not support the weight
  of the building.
• A masonry veneer wall will be better insulated
  and less expensive than a solid masonry wall.

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Masonry Veneer Walls

• A brick veneer wall is typically insulated on the
  frame wall side.

(CertainTeed Corporation)
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Masonry Veneer Wall

• Veneer is usually 4" or 6" thick and placed 1"
  away from the frame wall to provide a dead air
  space for insulation.

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Brick Names and Sizes

• There are two basic types of brick used for wall
  construction.
• Face brick.
• Common brick.
• Face brick is generally used as a facing
  material, as it is very uniform in shape.
• Common brick is generally used as a backing
  material, but produces a pleasing rustic
  appearance when used as a facing material.

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Brick Names and Sizes

• The names of brick shapes are standardized, but
  brick sizes are not as well established.

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Brick Positions

• Specific terms are used to describe the position
  or way in which a brick is laid.

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Types of Mortar Joints
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Popular Brick Bonds
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Traditional Three-Coat Stucco

• Stucco refers to exterior applications of wall
  coating.
• There are three stucco systems in general use
  today.
• Traditional three-coat stucco.
• Synthetic stucco (one-coat).
• Exterior insulation finish system (EIFS).
• Each system produces acceptable results.

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Traditional Three-Coat Stucco

• The traditional three-coat stucco system has been
  in use for many years.
• Applications are possible in all sections of the
  US.
• Stucco consists of Portland cement, lime, sand,
  and water.
• The material is applied in three coats.

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Traditional Three-Coat Stucco

• This house has a traditional three-coat stucco
  finish.

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Traditional Three-Coat Stucco

• Stucco produces a protective shell around the
  structure.
• Stucco may be repaired, if necessary.
• The effective life of stucco is 100 years or
  more, if the structure remains sound.
• Problems with stucco applications are generally
  the result of poor workmanship or improper
  installation.

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Preparing for Stucco

• Proper preparation is very important.
• A rigid structure is essential.
• Three-coat stucco can be applied to most any type
  of wall system
• Concrete blocks.
• Poured concrete.
• Brick.
• Metal.
• Wood frame.

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Preparing for Stucco

• This frame construction is ready to receive a
  moisture-resistant barrier prior to stucco.

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Preparing for Stucco

• Stucco being applied directly to concrete block
  walls.

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Preparing for Stucco

• Stucco is not structural and adds no strength to
  the building structure.
• It is a protective shell around the structure.
• Stucco cannot resist severe stresses resulting
  from structural movement.
• Cracks in masonry walls will telescope through
  the stucco.
• Thin spots in the stucco will crack.

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Preparing for Stucco

• Movement in plywood that is not properly spaced
  and nailed will cause stucco to crack.
• Mixing engineered lumber and standard lumber may
  result in cracking the stucco shell.

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Moisture Barrier and Flashing

• Moisture must be prevented from entering behind
  the stucco shell.
• High concentrations of moisture will have a
  devastating effect on framing members and
  sheathing.
• Moisture barriers and flashing are used to
  prevent moisture from entering the space behind
  the stucco.

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Moisture Barrier and Flashing

• The weather-resistant barrier can be seen under
  the lath.
• Special attention should be given to joints,
  openings, and penetrations in the wall.

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Moisture Barrier and Flashing

• Moisture barriers are a very important part of
  the total wall system.
• Grade D (10 minute) paper is the minimum for the
  exterior membrane.
• Kraft paper is used as flashing around wall
  openings and wall penetrations.
• Caulk may be used to repair holes or tears in the
  paper and to seal flashing.

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Lath (Reinforcement)

• Lath is used to attach the stucco shell to the
  structure.
• Lath is available as self-furring wire lath or
  rib lath.
• A moisture-proof membrane is usually attached to
  the lath at the factory.
• Furring nails or staples are used to attach lath
  to the sheathing.
• Lath orientation is important.

86
Lath (Reinforcement)

• The scratch coat is being applied with a trowel
  to cover the lath.

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Scratch or Foundation Coat

• The first stucco layer in the three-coat process,
  called the scratch coat, embeds the reinforcement
  in stucco.
• It can be applied by hand with a trowel or pump.
• The scratch coat is generally 3/8" thick.
• When the scratch coat has begun to set, the
  surface should be roughened.

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Brown Coat

• The second coat, called the brown coat, is
  applied over the scratch coat.
• The function of the brown coat is to cover any
  visible lath, add strength, true the surface, and
  prepare for the final finish.
• The brown coat is leveled with a straight edge to
  a thickness of 3/8".

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Finish Coat

• The final coat, called the finish coat, provides
  the texture or design to the surface.
• It is about 1/8" thick.
• The finish coat may be applied by hand or
  machine.
• Color may be added to this finish or the stucco
  can be painted later.
• Stucco should cure for 28 days before painting.

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Finish Coat

• The finish has been applied to this structure.

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Finish Coat

• This stucco surface has received a primer and
  finish coat of paint.

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Finish Coat

• This close-up shows the detailed texture of the
  finish coat in a stucco surface.

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Glossary

• Access Hole.
• Allows entry into the attic or crawl space.
• Ashlar Stonework.
• Type of stonework in which dressed, cut, or
  squared stones are generally rectangular in
  shape, a specific size, and fit in an exact place
  in the pattern.
• Brick.
• A fired clay product.

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Glossary

• Brown Coat.
• The second stucco layer in the three-coat
  process. The function of the brown coat is to
  cover any visible lath, add strength to the
  shell, true the surface, and provide an
  appropriate surface for the final decorative
  finish coat.
• Cavity Walls.
• A wall built of masonry units arranged to
  provide a continuous air space 2" to 3" thick.

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Glossary

• Common Brick.
• Not as uniform in size and color as face
  brick may have a lip on one or more edges.
• Coursed Rubble.
• Type of rubble stonework in which the stones
  are generally flat and rectangular, and the
  result may look like courses (rows) of stone.
• Cripple Studs.
• Studs that are not full length due to a wall
  opening.
• Face Brick.
• Usually uniform in size and has sharp corners
  and lines.

96
Glossary

• Finish Coat.
• The third stucco layer in the three-coat
  process. This is the decorative layer and is
  where texture or design patterns are applied to
  the surface.
• Firecut.
• A cut at an angle on the ends of floor joists
  for use with a solid masonry wall prevents
  toppling the wall if the house should catch fire.
• Furring Strips.
• Usually 2" x 2" or 1" x 3" lumber affixed to
  the wall to provide a nailing surface.

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Glossary

• Lath.
• Affixed to the wall to provide support and
  attachment for the layers of stucco and to
  connect the stucco to the structure.
• Masonry Wall.
• Constructed entirely of brick, concrete
  block, stone, clay tile, terra cotta, or a
  combination of these materials.
• Moisture Barrier.
• A membrane that protects most of the wall
  area.

98
Glossary

• Rubble Stonework.
• Type of stonework in which the pattern is
  made up of undressed stones of irregular shapes.
• Scratch Coat.
• The first stucco layer in the three-coat
  process also called the foundation coat. The
  purpose of the scratch coat is to embed the
  reinforcement in stucco and provide support for
  the next coat.
• Sole Plate.
• The bottom horizontal member of the wall on
  which studs rest.

99
Glossary

• Solid Blocking.
• A method of framing headers in which the
  header size is increased to completely fill the
  space from the top of the rough opening to the
  top plate.
• Structural C.
• Also called a C-section, it is the
  predominant shape used in steel framing for floor
  joists, wall studs, roof rafters, and ceiling
  joists.
• Stucco.
• A wall coating applied to the outside of a
  structure.

100
Glossary

• Three-Coat Stucco System.
• The stucco material, which consists of
  Portland cement, lime, sand, and water, is
  applied in three coats the traditional stucco
  system that has been in use for many years.
• Trimmers.
• Studs that support the header over an opening
  in the wall.
• Uncoursed Cobweb.
• Type of stonework in which the stones are
  dressed with relatively straight edges to fit a
  particular place in the pattern also called
  polygonal rubble.