Ch. 4

1
Ch. 4

• Energy Mineral Resources

2
Uses

• What resources have you used within the last
  hour? List them.
• Were they renewable or nonrenewable?

3
Resources

• Renewable can be replenished over short time
  (months, years, decades)
• Ex) plants, animals, natural fibers, trees
• (food, clothes, paper, lumber)

4

• Nonrenewable take millions of years to form and
  accumulate.
• Ex) coal, oil, natural gas, metals
• (fuel, iron, gold)

5
Make a T-Chart

• Title one side renewable resources
• and one side nonrenewable resources.
• Classify as many things as you can in this room
  as either type of resource.

5
6
Fossil fuels

• Hydrocarbon (Hydrogen carbon)
• Used as source of energy
• Ex) Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Petroleum
• How did fossil fuels form?

1
6
H
C
1.0079
12.011
7
Coal

• Forms when plant material is exposed to heat and
  pressure
• 4 stages
• Peat partial decay, soil-like
• Lignite sedimentary rock, brown coal
• Bituminous soft coal
• Anthracite metamorphic rock, hard coal

8
(No Transcript)
9
Coal cont.

• Used by power plants to generate electricity
• Lots of coal reserves in U.S.
• Problems
• Scars land
• Loss of life and health
• Air pollution (sulfur acid rain)

10
Petroleum Natural Gas

• Form from remains of plants and animals buried in
  ancient seas.
• Steps
• Buried under sediments (protects against decay)
• Chemical reactions transform in to liquid and gas

11
Petroleum Natural Gas

• After formation
• Squeezed from mud-rich sediments
• Move into permeable rocks (under water)
• Less dense then water so float on top
• World supplies will deteriorate

12

• Oil Traps rock structure that accumulates
  liquids that trap oil and gas under the surface
• Ex) Anticline
• P. 96, figure 3

13
Alternate Fuel Sources

• Tar Sands - clay, sand and water mixed with thick
  tar (bitumen)
• Occur in sandstone, limestone,
  shale
• Hard to mine (very thick)

14

• Oil Shale rock containing kerogan (fossil fuel)
• Mined
• Expensive to process

15
Mineral Resources

• Deposits of minerals that can be extracted from
  rocks for profit
• Form from rock cycle processes
• Metals and Nonmetals
• Ex) Ore useful metallic mineral mined for

16
Alternate Energy Sources

• Solar
• Nuclear
• Wind
• Hydroelectric
• Geothermal
• Tidal

17
Solar Energy

• Direct use of suns rays to supply heat or
  electricity
• Passive and active types
• Advantages free and non-polluting
• Disadvantages equipment and install costly,
  clouds

18
(No Transcript)
19
Nuclear Energy

• Nuclear fission nuclei of atoms split releasing
  lots of energy
• Fuel is radioactive materials
• Heat Electric
• Power plants
• Advantages lots of energy
• Disadvantages costly to build safe facilities
  and many hazards

20
Nuclear Fission Reaction http//www.atomicarchive
.com/Movies/Movie4.shtml
21
Wind Energy

• Wind powers turbines that power electrical energy
• Advantages natural renewable
• Disadvantages location (islands), noise
  pollution, land availability

22
Hydroelectric Power

• Falling water drives waterwheels and turbines
  which produce electricity
• 5 of electricity in U.S.
• Dams
• Advantages water power is renewable
• Disadvantages dams have lifespan, available
  locations

23
(No Transcript)
24
Geothermal Energy

• Underground hot water and steam
• Heat and turn turbines generating electric power
• Occur around recent volcanic activity (magma)
• Advantages clean, natural
• Disadvantages exhaustible, limited locations

25
(No Transcript)
26
Tidal Power

• Ocean and tides generate electrical energy
• In-Out flow of tides drives turbines
• Advantages natural, water power is renewable
• Disadvantages costly to build

27
(No Transcript)
28
Section 4.3 Water, Air Land
Resources/Pollution
29
Pollution types

• Point source specified location
• Ex) factory pipes
• Nonpoint source no specific origin
• Ex) Oil from streets
• Sediment from construction sites
• Pesticides from fields

30
Water

• Earth the Water Planet
• Water 71
• 97 salt water (oceans) 3 fresh water

31
Freshwater Pollution

• Negative Effects
• Damage human body
• Sicken or kill aquatic life
• Cause disease

32
AIR

• Made of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Water Vapor and other
  gases.
• Composition maintains life
• 78 N
• 21 O
• 1 other gases

33
Air Pollution

• 1) Fossil Fuel Burning
• Acid Rain Greenhouse Gas
• -Cars -CO2
• -Power plants -Warms planet -Global
  Warming

34
Air Pollution

• 2) Ozone Depletion
• - CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
• - Aerosol cans, A.C., Plastics
• - Less protection from radiation

35
Air Pollution

• Heath Effects
• - Coughing
• - Lung, eye, throat irritation
• - Asthma, Emphysema, Cancer

36
Land

• Provides
• Soil
• Forests
• Mineral resources
• Energy resources
• Giving us
• food -- zinc, copper
• lumber -- plastics
• petroleum

37
Damage to Land

• 1) Mining ---- 500,000 in U.S
• Tears up surface
• Destroys plants
• Soil Erosion
• Creates pollution

38
Damage to Land

• 2) Agriculture (farming)
• Decrease amount of groundwater
• Salinization of soil (salt build up) not
  fertile anymore

39
Damage to Land

• 3) Tree cutting
• Susceptible to soil erosion
• Destroys ecosystems and wildlife homes
• Increases hazards (floods)

40
Damage to Land

• 4) Waste Disposal
• Leak harmful waste
• Damage soil water supplies

41
Section 4.4 Protecting Resources
42
U.S. Statistics

• USE 1/3 of Worlds resources
• PRODUCE 1/3 of Worlds Trash
• Leads to POLLUTION! Need to CONSERVE!

43
Conservation

• Careful use of resources
• Pollution prevention (air, water, land)

44
Keeping Water Safe Clean

• Clean Water Act
• Reduce point source pollution
• Increase sewage treatment plants
• Safe Water Drinking Act (1974)
• Set maximum pollution levels
• Safe Water amounts increased from 36 (1972)
  to 62 (1999)!!

45
Protecting the Air

• Clean Air Act (1970)
• Made standards for 6 major pollutants
• Carbon Monoxide
• Ozone
• Lead
• Sulfur dioxide
• Nitrogen oxides
• Particulates

46

• By 2001, emissions of these decreased 24, even
  though energy use and population increased
• Alternate Energy Sources
• Energy Conservation

47
Caring for Land Prevent pollution and manage
wisely

• Soil Conservation
• Contour plowing Strip Cropping
• Selective Cutting
• Preserves forests, soils, wildlife

48

• Less farming chemicals
• Natural fertilizers (compost)
• Reduce runoff pollution
• Sanitary Landfills (no dumps)
• Liners protect from leaking

49

• LAWS
• 1) Resource Conservation Recovery Act (1976)
• - decreased illegal/unsafe dumping
• - guidelines for transport/storage of
  hazardous waste

50

• 2) Environmental Response, Compensation and
  Liability Act (1980)
• - requires clean up of abandon hazardous waste
  sites
• RECYCLING collecting and processing of used
  items so they can be made into new products