ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIOD IN WORLD HISTORY: FROM THE DAWN OF TIME TO 600 C.E.

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ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIODIN WORLD
HISTORYFROM THE DAWN OF TIMETO 600 C.E.
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CONTENT
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HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY TO KNOW

• Historic Regions
• All AP Regions
• Mesopotamia, Mesoamerica
• Sudanic Africa (West African Sahel)
• Historic States to Know
• River Valley Civilizations
• Amer-Indian geographic hearths
• Classical Empires
• Locations of world religions
• Internal vs. External migration
• Migration, Urbanization
• Immigration
• Movement in History
• Original spread of humans
• Indo-European
• Bantu
• Germanic and Viking
• Spread of world religions
• Polynesian

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A.P. GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
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MODERN NATIONS TO KNOW
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THEMES

• THEMES (P.E.R.S.I.A.N., S.C.R.I.P.T.E.D.)
• Social, Gender Structures including Labor Systems
• Cultural and Intellectual Structures
• Religious Structures
• Interactions War, Diplomacy, Trade
• Political Culture, Political Organization, State
  Structures,
• Technology
• Economics
• Demography (geography) and Environment
• OTHER
• Change and Continuity over Time
• Cause and Effect (Causes and Processes)
• Geography Local and regional focus

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THE ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL PERIOD

• PERIODIZATION
• What themes set a period apart?
• When did it begin, when did it end?
• Nature and causes of change
• Breaks and continuity within a time period
• 1,000,000 BCE TO 600 CE
• Prehistoric 1 million to 4500 BCE
• Ancient 4500 to 1000 BCE
• Classical 1000 BCE to 600 CE
• Breaks and Continuity within Period
• Prehistoric Rise of Humans, Hunter Gatherers
• Ancient Sedentary culture, domestications
• Classical Use of Iron

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ENVIRONMENT

• HUMAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
• Man had to adapt to environment or live
• Climates diverse, mans adaptations diverse
• Man arose in Africa, spread out to other
  continents
• Harshest climates around deserts, desert like
  conditions
• Environment often forced man to change
• As civilization advances, man begins to change
  surroundings
• Hunter-gather nature
• Slash and burn was the transition to sedentary
  agriculture
• AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
• Domestications
• Farming
• Herding
• Sedentary civilization
• PASTORAL SOCIETIES
• Nomads and their flocks
• Relationship to agricultural societies
• DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES WITH RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS

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EARLY GEOGRAPHIC SETTING

• PRE-HISTORIC
• The whole world in all settings
• The first towns, cities arose in marginal zones
• Some building materials
• Some foods, resources, marginal water, and
  protection
• ANCIENT
• Mesopotamia
• Sumer
• Assyria and Babylon
• Nile River
• Egyptian Kingdoms
• Kush-Meroe
• Indus River
• Harrappan, Mohenjo Daro
• Aryans
• Yellow River
• Xia
• Shang

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LATER GEOGRAPHIC SETTING CLASSICAL

• MEDITERRANEAN
• Phoenicians, Jews, Persians
• Greeks Hellenes, Hellenistic Age
• Romans Republic and Empire
• SOUTH ASIA
• Persians and Greeks
• Mauryans
• Guptans
• EAST ASIA
• Zhou,
• Qin, Han
• CENTRAL ASIANS
• OTHERS
• Ghana, Axum-Ethiopia
• Mayans, Toltecs, Aztecs
• Incas and predecessors

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CHANGE OVER TIME CULTURE

• CULTURE
• Language, Religion
• Traditions and Institutions
• Occupations
• Past-times
• ARTS, SCIENCES
• TOOL MAKING CULTURE
• Hunter Gathers had tools, only primitive
• Neolithic technology become complex, varies
• NATURE OF CIVILIZATION
• Writing is at the center of a cultural change
• Complex culture based on living in a city
• People packed more closely together
• Social mores reflect this change
• Artisans, toolmakers have great influence
• SOPHISTICATION Increased over time

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CHANGE OVER TIME SOCIETY

• PRE-HISTORIC
• Gender equality, work equality
• Short life, Limited survival, foods
• Small groups, bands led by elders
• Religion animist, afterlife
• ANCIENT VILLAGE TO CIVILIZATION
• Sedentary life led to rise of social classes
• Social differences, gender differences
• Specialized occupations
• Rise of inequalities rise of aristocrats, kings,
  priests
• Villages and a few cities
• CLASSICAL
• Continuation of Ancient although trends
  heightened
• Classes often become rigid, rise of warriors, war
  leaders

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CHANGE OVER TIME SOCIAL STRUCTURE

• PALEOLITHIC
• Egalitarian Survival of the fittest
• Men, women hunted, gathered so all would survive
• NEOLITHIC
• Gender differences set in with farming
• Rise of elites to run government
• Role specialization developed especially artisans
• ANCIENT
• Formal classes begin to arise
• Rise of formal religious, governing, commercial
  classes
• Introduction of slavery, serfdom, unfree labor
  especially farmers
• CLASSICAL
• Rigid class structures tending towards castes
• Rise of aristocracy, permanent warrior class
  intellectuals
• Gender differences became pronounced but not as
  rigid yet

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TECHNOLOGY OVER TIME

• The ability to make and use tools
• Man has always been a toolmaker
• Tools increasingly designed to meet specific
  needs
• Simple to complex
• Materials
• Bone, Stone, Wood
• Mixture of Media
• Metalurgy Copper, Bronze, Iron
• Include domestications as technology if necessary
• In many ways writing is a technology
• Technology really can only expand if group
  supports artisans who do not hunt, gather, farm
• Know how inventions improved life

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CHANGE OVER TIME STATE STRUCTURES

• REGIONAL STATE STRUCTURES
• Small city states
• Sumer, Indus, Xia
• Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Mayans
• Regional states
• Shang
• Babylonia, Israel
• First Empire
• Tribute empires
• Egyptian Old Kingdom
• Toltecs, Akkad
• MULTIREGIONAL STATE STRUCTURES
• Empires
• Land empires
• Sea-based empires
• Assyrians, Egyptian New Kingdom
• Persians, Greeks, Romans
• Mauryans, Qin, Han, Inca, Aztec, Toltec
• SPECIALIZED GROUPS TO RUN STATE, BUREAUCRACY

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CHANGE OVER TIME RELIGIONS

• UNIVERSALIZING vs ETHNIC RELIGIONS
• MAJOR FEATURES OF EACH, WHERE ARE RELIGIONS
  LOCATED
• EARLY RELIGIONS
• ANIMISM
• POLYTHEISM
• HINDUISM
• SHINTO
• PHILOSOPHIES AND RELIGIONS BLEND
• TAOISM, CONFUCIANISM, LEGALISM
• BUDDHISM
• HELLENIC PHILOSOPHY
• MONOTHEISM
• JUDAISM
• CHRISTIANITY
• ISLAM
• RISE OF PERMANENT RELIGIOUS CASTE, MORAL CODES

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CHANGE OVER TIME INTERACTIONS

• War
• Not a new invention but rare in Pre-history
• History introduces scarcity, contest for it
• War becomes increasingly complex warrior classes
• Technology effected war empires are core of
  classical
• Diplomacy
• Similar to War
• Contact between states led to diplomacy
• First treaty was between Hittites, Egyptians
• Trade
• The simplest way for cities to overcome failings
• Trade for what you do not have
• Most international trade was for luxury
• Commodities traded locally, internally
• Exchanges ideas, diseases
• Migration of nomads, Bantus, Indo-Europeans
• Interactions between nomads, sedentary

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CLASSICAL ENDS

• Reasons for Decline
• Geographic, Demographic, Environment
• Military, Political
• Economic, Social
• Decline in Given Areas
• Mediterranean
• South Asia
• East Asia
• That which remains
• Classical cultures
• Classical religions
• Classical traditions
• Interregional Networks Trade, Spread of
  Religions
• Movements of Bantu, Huns, Germans, Polynesian

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ESSAYS
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COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS

• Compare major religions and philosophical systems
  including similarities in cementing a social
  hierarchy, e.g. Hinduism contrasted with
  Confucianism.
• Compare the role of women in different belief -
  Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, and Hinduism

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COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS

• Understand how and why the collapse of empire was
  more severe in Western Europe than it was in the
  Eastern Mediterranean, China, or South India
• Compare the caste system to other systems of
  social inequality devised by ancient and
  Classical civilizations, including slavery

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COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS

• Compare societies and cultures that include
  cities with pastoral and nomadic societies.
• Compare the development of traditions and
  institutions in major civilizations, e.g. Indian,
  Chinese, Greek
• Describe interregional trading systems e.g. the
  Indian Ocean trade system and the Silk Road

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COMPARISONS AND SNAPSHOTS

• Compare the political and social structures of
  two early civilizations using any two of the
  following
• Mesopotamia (Sumer through Persia)
• Egypt (Old Kingdom through New Empire)
• Indus Valley (Harappan to Aryan)
• Shang Dynasty
• Mesoamerica (Olmecs, Mayans, Toltecs)
• Andean South America (Moche, Chan Chan)