Birth of the Universe

1
Sediments Sedimentary Rocks

2
Sediments and Sedimentary Rock-Definitions
3
Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
And
Pressure
Cementation
Erosion
SedimentaryRocks
Sediment
Erosion
Erosion
Heat
Pressure
Heat and Pressure
Igneous Rocks
MetamorphicRocks
Cooling
Heat
Magma
4
Sediments (Soft)
Material (such as gravel, sand, mud, and lime)
that is transported by wind, water, ice, or
gravity Material that is precipitated from
solution Deposits of organic origin (such as
coal and coral reefs).
5
Sedimentary Rock (Hard)
Rock formed by the accumulation and consolidation
of sediment.
6
Sediments (Soft)
-unconsolidated particles created by 1. The
weathering of rock 2. The secretions of
organisms or decomposition of organic
matter 3. Chemical precipitation
7
Sedimentary Rock (Hard)

• Composed of lithified sediments
• by compaction
• by cementation

Two Classifications - clastic -nonclastic
8
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Organic Sedimentary Rocks Chemical Sedimentary
Rocks Skeletal (Bioclastic) Sedimentary Rocks
9
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
From Sedimentary Rocks
10
Types of Sediments
1. Clastic 2. Biogenic 3. Chemical
11
Types of Sediments

• 1. Clastic broken fragments of rock produced by
  weathering.

Range in size from largest boulder to smallest
clay particle. Classified according to size.
Found everywhere on the Earth.
12
Clastic Texture
Texture - Size, shape, and distribution of
particles that collectively make up a rock

• Size
• Rounding
• Sphericity
• Sorting

13
Clastic Sediment Size
14
Clastic Texture

• Roundness the shape of sediment grains.
• Related to the distance a sediment has been
  transported.

Sphericity - how close to a spherical shape a
grain is or will be.
15
Roundness / Sphericity of Sediments
16
Size
Rounding
Sphericity
Sorting
17
Clastic Sediments Sorting

• Sorting separation of sediments by grain size
  and density.

Poorly sorted sediment with a wide range of
grain sizes.
Well sorted sediment with a small range of
grain sizes.
18
Sorting of Sediments
19
Sorting of Sediments

• Sorting - a function of transported

1. Water 2. Wind 3. Glaciers
20
Grain Size Of Clastic Sediments
Udden-Wentworth Scale
21
Sediment Transport
Fluid Dynamics
22
Sediment Transport
Modes of Transport

• Suspended Load
• Bed Load
• Saltation

23
Sediment Transport
Progressive Sorting
24
Sorting by Water
Graded Beds
25
Graded Beds
Fining up
26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
Lithification of Sediment
Compaction
Compaction - reduction in bulk volume or
thickness of fine-grained sediments, owing to
increasing weight of overlying material that is
continuously being deposited, or to pressures
resulting from earth movements. Tighter packing
of sedimentary particles results in a decrease
in porosity.
30
Lithification of Sediment
Cementation
Cementation - the process by which clastic
sediments are converted into rock
by precipitation of a mineral cement among the
grains of the sediment.
Cement - chemically precipitated mineral
material that occurs in the spaces among the
grains of a sedimentary rock, thus binding the
grains into a rigid mass. The most common
cements are silica, carbonates, and iron oxides.
31
Lithification of Sediment
Crystallization
Crystallization - the development and growth
of crystals by precipitation from solution at or
near the Earth's surface.
32
Sedimentary Rocks
Bioclastic and Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Carbonates
Evaporites
33
Sedimentary Rocks
Organic Sedimentary Rocks
34
Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks - Examples
Conglomerate
Siltstone
Sandstone
Graywacke
Shale
Breccia
35
Sedimentary Structures
Bedforms
36
Sedimentary Structures
Mudcracks
37

Ripple Marks





38

Mud Cracks



39

Burrows


40
Texture and Transport Distance

• In general, as transport distance increases,
  rounding and sorting increase.

Examples Breccia cemented close to
source Conglomerate transported then cemented
41
Sediment Transport
Sorting by Wind
Size and Mode of Transport
42
Sediment Transport
Transport-Related Properties
43
Sedimentary Structures
Cross-Bedding
44
Cross Bedding Water or Wind
45
(No Transcript)
46
Tidal Flat Deposit
Stream Deposit
47
Clast Size / Rock Relationship
Large Clasts
Small Clasts
48
Sediment Sizes Clastic Rock Types
Rock Type Sediment Grain Size
Shale Clay less than 0.001 mm
Siltstone Silt .001-0.1 mm
Sandstone Sand .01-1 mm
Conglomerate Gravel 1mm

• Sedimentary rocks made of silt- and clay-sized
  particles are collectively called mudrocks, and
  are the most abundant sedimentary rocks.

49
Strata Stratum Stratigraphy Stratigraphic
Formation smallest mappable unit
50
Bedding Layering or Stratification in
sedimentary rock
51
Bedding Layering or Stratification

• Almost Always Present in Sedimentary Rocks
• Originally Horizontal
• Tilting by Earth Forces Later
• Variations in Conditions of Deposition
• Size of Beds (Thickness)
• Usually 1-100 Cm
• Can Range From Microscopic to 50m

52
Chemical Sediments Non-Clastic

• Alteration After Deposition
• Dolomite
• Biogenic Sediments
• Limestone - Shells, Reefs, Etc.
• Organic Remains
• Coal
• Petroleum

• Evaporites -Water Soluble
• Halite
• Gypsum
• Calcite
• Precipitates
• Example Ca(sol'n) SO4 (Sol'n) CaSO4
• Gypsum
• Limestone
• Iron Formations

53
Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks - Evaporites
Rock salt NaCl
Anhydrite CaSO4
Rock gypsum CaSO4. H2O
54
Sedimentary Rocks
Bioclastic Sedimentary Rocks - Carbonates
(Limestones)
Coquina
Chalk
Coraline limestone
55
Types of Sediments

• 2. Biogenic composed of remains of plants or
  animals.

56
Biogenic Sediments
Terestrial Sediments - mainly plant matter
Marine Sediments - mainly carbonates
Corals - Large components of reefs. Bivalves,
Gastropods, Foraminifers - Whole or partial
skeletons form sand and gravels. Algae, Crinoids,
Echinoderms, Bryozoans - disintergrate to form
some sand particles and lime mud. Diatoms,
Radiolaria Bedded chert SiO2
57
Coral (Carbonate)
58
Foramanifera
59
Diatoms
60
Types of Sediments

• 3. Chemical formed by minerals precipitating
  from solution.

Inorganic process, no biological activity
involved.
61
Chemical Sediments
1. Terestrial - Evaporites Gypsum - CaSO4 .
H2O Anhydrite - CaSO4 Halite - NaCl 2.
Marine - Carbonates - CaCO3
62
Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Rock composed of fragments of
pre-existing rocks.
Nonclastic Rock composed of chemical
precipitates or biogenic matter.
63
Origin of Petroleum
64
Origin of Petroleum

• Inorganic theories
• carbides of iron, calcium etc.. When contacted
  with water
• action of hot water on limestone, CaCO3 and
  gypsum
• Organic theories
• Animal theories due to decomposition of marine
  animals - fishes, oysters, other microscopic
  organisms.
• Vegetal theories due to decomposition of plants
  seaweeds
• Land plants such as those in swamps coal beds,
  oil
• Microscopic plants Diatoms and Non-fossil
  organisms - planktons

65
Origin of Petroleum

• Likely scenario oil
• ancient animal plants
• paraffinic base - vegetal origin
• asphaltic base - animal origin

Flow of sediments
SEA/FRESH WATER
Water prevents rapid oxidation of organic material
Plants and animals
66
Migration of Petroleum

• Source rock mostly shales
• Final accumulation of oil sandstones,
  limestones, fractured shales

Trapped hydrocarbons
Secondary
Limestone/sandstone
primary
Regional flow of water
Shale
10s 100s km
67
Traps
Anticlines
Faults
Stratigraphic
Salt domes
68
Traps
Combination Anticlinal/fault traps
Overlap on beds flanking the basement rock
69
Sedimentary Deposition
Flow of sediments
SEA LEVEL RECEDING
Shoreface
Near shore/Shallow Marine
Offshore/Deep Marine
Coarse grain sediments
Coarse grain with clay
Fine grain sediments
Fine grains with clay
SEA LEVEL ADVANCING
70
Classification of reservoir rocks

• Sedimentary rocks

Source rock old sedimentary igneous
Broken down sediments
Wind water organisms chemical action
Deltas, shore face, valley fills
Compaction/ Cementation Sandstones
Sandstones compacted quartz sands fragments of
rock crystals Limestones Skeletons of
lime-secreting organisms, corals
etc.. Diatomaceous shales Diatoms and other
microscopic plants Gypsum/Anhydrides/Limestones
Chemical dissolution of rocks, followed by
evaporation and crystallization
71
Sedimentary Rocks

• Conglomerates
• Loose aggregate of rounded pebbles gravels
• when cemented conglomerates.
• Porosity due to differential cementation
• Oil fields in Pennsylvania, Texas, Oklahoma
• Sand, Sandstones
• Finer sediments yet noticeable, angular
• Sands cemented by calcite sandstones
• silica quartzite
• Porosity due to voids and inter-grain spaces
  also differential cementation
• Pools in California, Alberta, Gulf Coast, Texas

72
Sedimentary Rocks

• Clays, shales Fine grained particles aluminous
  materials, trapped water
• Deep ocean sediments Compaction yields
  shales
• Porosity in cracks and fissures
• Some pools in Santa Maria Basin, California, Gas
  in Kentucky
• Limestone Principally CaCO3, hard and
  crystalline rock,
• Marl, chalk, dolomites other forms
• Porosity due to weathering and solution vugs
• Many pools in mid-continent, Alberta, Middle
  east, Saudi Arabia

73
Sedimentary Rocks

• Cherts Chemically pure silica
  cryptocrystalline crystals visible only under
  magnification
• Occurrence as small nodules or large masses
  parallel to bedding plane
• Porosity due to fractures
• Major pool Offshore California, Monterey cherts

74
Sedimentary Rocks are the Principal Repository
of Information About Earth's Past
75
Environmental Clues in Sedimentary Rocks

• Grain Size - Power of Transport Medium
• Grading - Often Due to Floods
• Rounding
• Sorting
• Cross-bedding - Wind, Wave or Current Action

Transport, Reworking
76
Environmental Clues in Sedimentary Rocks

• Fossils
• Salt Water - Corals, Echinoderms
• Fresh Water - Insects, Amphibians
• Terrestrial - Leaves, Land Animals
• Color And Chemistry
• Red Beds - Often Terrestrial
• Black Shale - Oxygen Poor, Often Deep Water
• Evaporites Arid Climates

77
What is a Dimension Stone???
78
Dimension stone can be defined as natural rock
material quarried for the purpose of obtaining
blocks or slabs that meet specifications as to
size (width, length, and thickness) and shape.
Color, grain texture and pattern, and surface
finish of the stone are normal requirements.
Durability is mainly based on mineral composition
and hardness and past performance.
DIMENSION STONE
79
Although a variety of igneous, metamorphic, and
sedimentary rocks are used as dimension stone,
the principal rock types are granite, limestone,
marble, sandstone, and slate. Other varieties of
dimension stone may be used. They are normally
considered to be special minor types which
include alabaster (massive gypsum), soapstone
(massive talc), and various products fashioned
from natural stone.
Quarrying
80
may be defined asthe extraction of building
stone or slate from an open surface
quarry.Quarrying plays a very important role in
the use of dimension stone. Dimension stone is
stored in a quarry until it is needed by its
manufacturer. Dimension stone may be used for
many purposes. It can be, and often times is used
in the construction of buildings and cemeteries.
Quarrying
81
Rocks in Canada
Sedimentary rocks is the most abundant type of
rocks in Canada. Also, Hamilton and surrounding
area lay mostly on sedimentary rocks.
Natural Resources Canada, 2004