Toepassingen van de supergeleiding

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Toepassingen van de supergeleiding

• Door Wim Peeters
• Universiteit Antwerpen

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In het onderzoek van elementaire deeltjesfysica
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Met zeer sterke magneten kan men goed
diamagnetisme aantonen
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Klassieke diamagneten bij superhoge velden (50 T)
in Nijmegen
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Flux quantisatie een prachtig macroscopisch
(lange afstands) quantum effect

• De magnetische flux is een gequantiseerde
  grootheid.
• Dit geldt ook voor de flux door een
  supergeleidende ring.
• De eenheid van flux heet fluxoid

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Josephson contacten (juncties)Supergeleidende
elektronica!

• Tunnel effect! Josephson stroom zonder spanning!
• Twee laagjes supergeleidend materiaal
• Onderbroken door een isolator, Cooperpaar tunnelt
  van weerszijden
• Stroom oscilleert met definitie van de Volt!
• Macroscopische quantum interferentie met
  faseverschil zwakke signalen
  (SQUIDS)(Superconducting Quantum Interference
  Device (SQUID))

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Josephson!
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Hersens zien MRI, Cat scans en.. SQUIDS

• De SQUID is in staat een verandering van één
  fluxquantum te meten!
• Hersens magneetveld
• Zo bestaat er ook een superfluïde SQUID
  soort gyroscoop, ultragevoelig voor rotaties

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• Biomagnetism
• Some processes in animals produce very small
  magnetic fields (typically sized between a
  billionth of a Tesla and a thousand billionth of
  a Tesla - a typical fridge magnet is a tenth of a
  Tesla). The only type of detector sensitive
  enough to measure such a field is a SQUID. In the
  human body, studies have taken place measuring
  the fields arising from the susceptibility of
  tissue to applied magnetic fields, ionic healing
  currents and currents associated with neural or
  muscular activity.

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• By far the biggest area of research is
  Magnetoencephalography (MEG) the imaging of the
  human brain from magnetic fields. This involves
  measuring the magnetic field produced by the
  currents due to neural activity. Unlike other
  methods which image the structure of the brain
  MEG images can be acquired every millisecond,
  allowing real-time imaging systems.
• In most available systems, arrays of gradiometer
  DC SQUID detectors are contained within a helmet
  surrounded by a liquid helium reservoir for
  cooling. The Neuromag Ltd. 122 is such a system
  and is shown in figure 2, with the sensor array
  in figure 3 and a schematic of the detector in
  figure 4.
• SQUIDs have also been used to measure the
  magnetic fields from a heartbeat. This is known
  as a magnetocardiogram. In such systems
  magnetometers are normally used, measuring the
  magnitude of the field present. Some systems with
  gradiometers have been used enabling measurements
  in an unshielded environment.

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• Scanning SQUID Microscopy
• Geophysical Applications of SQUIDs
• High Temperature SQUIDs
• The development of SQUIDs constructed from
  superconductors with high critical temperatures
  has brought about much simplification and reduced
  cost while increasing the mobility and
  flexibility of SQUIDs. However modern cooling
  systems are beginning to give this to Low
  Temperature Superconductor (LTS) applications as
  well.

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Praktijk

• Verder in de medische sector De glazen patiënt.
• En het TERA project presentatie
• Op http//www.superconductors.org/Uses.htm

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MAGLEV

• A landmark for Maglev occurred in 1990 when it
  gained the status of a nationally-funded project.
  The Minister of Transport authorized construction
  of the Yamanashi Maglev Test Line, targeting the
  final confirmation of Maglev for practical use.
  The new test line called the Yamanashi Maglev
  Test Line opened on April 3, 1997 and is now
  being used to perform running tests in Yamanashi
  Prefecture. In the same year, the Maglev vehicle
  MLX01 in a three-car train set achieved world
  speed records, attaining a maximum speed of 531
  km/h in a manned vehicle run on December 12, and
  a maximum speed of 550 km/h in an unmanned
  vehicle run on December 24. On March 18, 1999,
  MLX01 in a five-car train set attained a maximum
  speed of 548 km/h. On April 14, 1999, this
  five-car train set surpassed the speed record of
  the three-car train set, attaining a maximum
  speed of 552 km/h in a manned vehicle run.

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Stroomopwekking

• Electric generators made with superconducting
  wire are far more efficient than conventional
  generators wound with copper wire. In fact, their
  efficiency is above 99 and their size about half
  that of conventional generators. These facts make
  them very lucrative ventures for power utilities.
  General Electric has estimated the potential
  worldwide market for superconducting generators
  in the next decade at around 20-30 billion
  dollars. Late in 2002 GE Power Systems received
  12.3 million in funding from the U.S. Department
  of Energy to move high-temperature
  superconducting generator technology toward full
  commercialization. To read the latest news on
  superconducting generators click
• gt Air Force Looks at New Microwave Weapon (het
  leger)

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Stabiliteit elektriciteits netwerk

• Other commercial power projects in the works that
  employ superconductor technology include energy
  storage to enhance power stability. American
  Superconductor Corp. received an order from
  Alliant Energy in late March 2000 to install a
  Distributed Superconducting Magnetic Energy
  Storage System (D-SMES) in Wisconsin. Just one of
  these 6 D-SMES units has a power reserve of over
  3 million watts, which can be retrieved whenever
  there is a need to stabilize line voltage during
  a disturbance in the power grid. AMSC has also
  installed more than 22 of its D-VAR systems to
  provide instantaneous reactive power support.

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• Recently, power utilities have also begun to use
  superconductor-based transformers and "fault
  limiters". The Swiss-Swedish company ABB was the
  first to connect a superconducting transformer to
  a utility power network in March of 1997. ABB
  also recently announced the development of a
  6.4MVA (mega-volt-ampere) fault current limiter -
  the most powerful in the world. This new
  generation of HTS superconducting fault limiters
  is being called upon due to their ability to
  respond in just thousandths of a second to limit
  tens of thousands of amperes of current.

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• Superconductors have also found widespread
  applications in the military. HTSC SQUIDS are
  being used by the US NAVY to detect mines and
  submarines.
• And, significantly smaller motors are being
  built for NAVY ships using superconducting wire
  and "tape". In mid-July, 2001, American
  Superconductor unveiled a 5000-horsepower motor
  made with superconducting wire (below).

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• Among emerging technologies are a stabilizing
  momentum wheel (gyroscope) for earth-orbiting
  satellites that employs the "flux-pinning"
  properties of imperfect superconductors to reduce
  friction to near zero. Superconducting x-ray
  detectors and ultra-fast, superconducting light
  detectors are being developed due to their
  inherent ability to detect extremely weak amounts
  of energy. Already Scientists at the European
  Space Agency (ESA) have developed what's being
  called the S-Cam, an optical camera of phenomenal
  sensitivity. And, superconductors may even play a
  role in Internet communications soon. In late
  February, 2000, Irvine Sensors Corporation
  received a 1 million contract to research and
  develop a superconducting digital router for
  high-speed data communications up to 160 Ghz.
  Since Internet traffic is increasing
  exponentially, superconductor technology is being
  called upon to meet this super need.

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Samenvatting
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Dank u wel!