Module 4. Methods, systems and devices for revealing and measurement of aircraft co-ordinates. Struggle against hindrances. Mono-pulse radar-location. Topic 4.5. Secondary radar-location. Principles and construction methods of secondary radars.

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Module 4. Methods, systems and devices for
revealing and measurement of aircraft
co-ordinates. Struggle against hindrances.
Mono-pulse radar-location. Topic 4.5. Secondary
radar-location. Principles and construction
methods of secondary radars. Mono-pulse secondary
radars. Lecture 4.5.4. SSR
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Condor series Monopulse Secondary Surveillance
Radar (MSSR) systems (United Kingdom),
Identification friend-or-foe (IFF) and
secondary surveillance radar (SSR) systemsType
Family of ground-based MSSR systems.
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Description Raytheon System's Condor MSSR
interrogators are solid-state, digital,
surveillance systems designed to meet
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
Annex 10 standards and are billed as providing
'high-probability' of detection ('even in severe
multipath and reflection environments') with
'high' reliability. The equipments incorporate
very large scale integration chips and
microprocessors and deliver 'full' transmission,
reception, processing and control capabilities
within a single cabinet, with the whole
constituting a single interrogator channel.
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Typically, systems are supplied in a dual-channel
configuration to maximize system availability.
Continuous azimuth data is distributed between
both channels to facilitate 'fast and seamless'
changeover and automatic reconfiguration provides
continuity of service without manual
intervention. All generated data needed to
maintain the target database is passed from the
operating to the standby channel so that target
reports can be generated 'immediately', thereby
minimizing loss of data in the event of channel
change.
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Adaptive reflection processing provides
'superior' false target suppression without the
undesirable side effects associated with azimuth
power programming and Improved Interrogator Side
Lobe Suppression (IISLS). Built-in test equipment
provides continuous monitoring of operational
performance and 'extensive' fault detection, with
performance statistics and fault diagnosis data
being reported both locally (to a local
maintenance terminal) and to a remote system
control terminal. The known details of two
specific Condor MSSR configurations are as
follows
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Key contents include- Radar Systems -
Fire-control - Surveillance - Navigation -
Missile control air defense - IFF and secondary
surveillance -Land-based, airborne and naval
Military air traffic control - Electronic
Warfare Systems - ELINT - COMINT - ECM -
Defensive Aids Suites (DAS)
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Different sections provide in-depth detail
covering- Airborne Active And Passive
Countermeasures Systems And Defensive Aids Suites
(Das) - Airborne Fire-Control Radars - Airborne
Signals Intelligence (Sigint), Electronic Support
And Threat Warning Systems - Airborne
Surveillance, Maritime Patrol And Navigation
Radars - Analysis - Battlefield, Missile
Control And Ground Surveillance Radar Systems
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- Contractors - Electronic Warfare Systems -
Glossary - Identification Friend-Or-Foe (Iff)
And Secondary Surveillance Radar (Ssr) Systems -
Land-Based Active And Passive Countermeasures
Systems And Defensive Aids Suites (Das) -
Land-Based Air Defence Radars - Land-Based
Signals Intelligence (Sigint), Electronic Support
And Threat Warning Systems - Military Air
Traffic Control (Atc), Instrumentation And
Ranging Radars - Naval Active And Passive
Countermeasures Systems And Defensive Aids Suites
(Das)
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- Naval Fire-Control Radars - Naval Signals
Intelligence (Sigint), Electronic Support And
Threat-Warning Systems - Naval/Coastal
Surveillance And Navigation Radars - Radar And
Electronic Warfare Simulation And Training
Systems - World Submarine Radar/Electronic
Warfare Fits - World Surface Ship Electronic
Warfare Fits - World Surface Ship Radar Fits
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Condor 2
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SPECIFICATIONS OF THE CONDOR MKII Antenna Gain
27 dBi Horizontal beamwidth 3 dB 2.45 /- 0.25
degrees Horizontal sidelobes -26 dB below peak
Roll-off rate (underside) 1.9 dB/degree at -6
degrees point High angle cut-off -4 dBi at 65
degrees Wind survival 40 mm radical ice 200
km/hr Temperature -30 degrees Celsius to 70
degrees Celsius Transmitter Frequency 1,030
/- 0.01 MHz Output power 32 dBW Duty cycle
Up to 2, optional 6 Operating modes 1, 2,
3/A, B, C, D(S and 4 as options) Suppression
Interrogator Side Lobe Suppression (ISLS)
(Improved ISLS (IISLS) option)
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Log Receivers Frequency 1,090 /- 0.2 MHz
Sensitivity -90 dBm tangential Bandwidth (3
dB) 9 MHz Dynamic range -16 to -86 dBm
Suppression Receiver Side Lobe Suppression
(RSLS) Extractors/Plot Processor Multibus
II 80486 processors VLSI technology
Monopulse Azimuth Range Code Assembler Target
load Average 600/scan (120/s) (900/scan option)
Peak 350/s Standby readiness Software coupled
(hardware option)
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Extractors/Plot Processor Video clock I/P
16 MHz Decode Up to 4 overlapping replies
Antenna check Built-in antenna HPD plotter
Built-in monopulse consistency check
Continuous Reflection suppression Fixed and
dynamic files Output formats available Radar
Data Interface Format (RDIF), Asterix
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Monopulse Secondary Surveillance Radar
(MSSR)MSSR is a key component of air traffic
surveillance infrastructure providing, as a
minimum, the position, track, altitude and
identity of co-operating aircraft.With a long
tradition of technological development stretching
back to the very earliest SSR applications,
Raytheon MSSR systems continue to offer the
highest probability of detection (Pd), even in
severe multipath and reflection environments,
together with low false target rate and high
operational availability.
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Comprising field-proven components configured in
a redundant and fault-tolerant architecture,
Raytheon MSSR systems offer sufficient target
capacity to accommodate predicted volumes of
traffic growth. Additionally, the extensive
application of gate array technology makes
Raytheon MSSR systems easy to configure and
maintain.
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Condor Series 300The Condor Series 300 MSSR is a
cost-effective system, modular by design and
consequently configurable (and reconfigurable in
the field) to meet any, or all, MSSR, Mode S and
IFF Mode 4 requirements.In addition to
conventional SSR, Series 300 systems output Mode
S data to support Elementary and Enhanced
Surveillance applications. Mode S decoding and
processing is conducted in parallel with
conventional SSR processing to ensure proven
processes are not compromised and that each
function can be optimised individually.
Compatible with ICAO Level 2 transponders with
Mode S Surveillance Identifier (SI) capability,
Series 300 Mode S systems offer mixed, and fully
configurable, mode interlace patterns providing
concurrent detection of Mode S, MSSR and, where
appropriate, IFF Mode 4.To ensure IFF Mode 4
interrogations do not interrupt those in other
modes, Series 300 interrogators use Super mode to
interlace Mode 4 with Modes 1, 2, 3/A and C in a
single interrogation period.
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Condor European Mode S ( EMS )Developed
specifically to meet EUROCONTROL requirements for
full Mode S functionality in crowded European
airspace, the Condor EMS MSSR interrogator is a
high specification (ICAO Level 5), high
performance Mode S system with full Extended
Length Message (ELM) uplink and downlink capacity
and a proven ground station network (interrogator
clustering) capability.Target tracking
responsibility within an interrogator cluster is
determined by a coverage maps in the Surveillance
Control Function (SCF). Raytheons SCF solution
is integrated into the Condor EMS interrogator,
which enhances reliability, eliminates need for
external communications processors and satisfies
high integrity requirements for data
distribution.Condor EMS systems are operational
in clustered networks in Germany and The
Netherlands, and operating as independent systems
in Hungary, Switzerland and the UK.
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Condor European Mode S ( EMS )Developed
specifically to meet EUROCONTROL requirements for
full Mode S functionality in crowded European
airspace, the Condor EMS MSSR interrogator is a
high specification (ICAO Level 5), high
performance Mode S system with full Extended
Length Message (ELM) uplink and downlink capacity
and a proven ground station network (interrogator
clustering) capability.Target tracking
responsibility within an interrogator cluster is
determined by a coverage maps in the Surveillance
Control Function (SCF). Raytheons SCF solution
is integrated into the Condor EMS interrogator,
which enhances reliability, eliminates need for
external communications processors and satisfies
high integrity requirements for data
distribution.Condor EMS systems are operational
in clustered networks in Germany and The
Netherlands, and operating as independent systems
in Hungary, Switzerland and the UK.
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Condor MSSR AntennasRaytheon MSSR antennas are
designed for performance, endurance and
reliability.The Condor Large Vertical Aperture
(LVA) Antenna is suitable for co-mounted or
standalone MSSR/IFF applications. Designed to
operate in all climatic conditions without a
radome, its rigid construction enables it to
withstand loads and forces imposed by high winds
up to 161 km/hr operational and 200 km/hr
survival and significant ice coatings. Each of
35 vertical radiating columns has 12 dipoles that
are phase and amplitude controlled to maximise
target illumination and minimise ground
illumination. Isolated splitters within the
distribution network ensure that radiating
columns are less vulnerable to change in
performance because of heavy rain or icing,
rendering the antenna fail-soft.Designed for
applications where a larger antenna is
unsuitable, the Raytheon Flat Plate Antenna is
lightweight, compact and yet rugged in
construction. Weighing only 50 kg and with a
length of only 4.3 m, the Flat Plate Antenna
provides monopulse operation for MSSR, Mode S and
IFF Mode 4 applications, both co-mounted and
standalone.
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SIR - SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR FAMILY
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FAMILY TREE Monopulse SSR SIR-M Mode-S SSR
SThe SELEX Sistemi Integrati Secondary
SurveillanceRadar family is a true modular
system fully compliant with ICAO recommendations.
SIR is normally a dual-channel system with
automatic changeover.Single channel
configurations are also available.Each SSR
channel consists of a transmitter, a receiverand
a programmable extractor/controller.
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The very power ful processing platform is based
onprogrammed assemblies, which also provide all
controlsignals.Fur thermore, it provides all
programmable functions ofthe transmitter and
receiver units.The antenna used normally in
conjunction with SIR SSR is the ALE-9 open array
antenna, specially developed for monopulse use.
It provides high directional proper ties and ver
tical aper ture, as recommended by ICAO also for
the Enhanced Mode-S.
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SIR is available in the basic monopulse version,
the SIR-M, and in the full Mode-S version, the
SIR-S. The system is designed so that the total
cost of expansion is born only by the added
units. SIR-MThe basic monopulse configuration
is based on aprogrammable transmitter and a 3
channel receiver which uses logarithmic
IF-amplifiers.
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MONOPULSE ADVANTAGESThe main purpose of the
monopulse technique is toobtain precise
azimuthal information from a singletransponder
reply. The technique uses sum anddif ference
beam patterns, inclusive of phaseinformation, to
obtain the correct bearing (of f-boresight angle)
of the target with respect to the actual
positionof the sum beam. A very precise plot
position is thus obtained. Fur thermore, the
pulse repetition frequency of the SSR may be
reduced, thus minimizing RF pollution.
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Another advantage of the monopulse technique is
theinherent capability to distinguish aircraft
in a garbled echo and to reduce the effect of
auto-garbling when multiple receiver paths
occur.SIR-SThe SIR-M configuration may be
upgraded to full Mode-Sconfiguration, the SIR-S.
This is obtained by addingmodules to the
transmitter and by activating propersoftware
items relevant to Mode-S typical functions. To
reach full capabilities, a dedicated enhanced
Mode-Sstation is now also available, for use in
conjunction withthe SIR-S.
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ADVANTAGES OF MODE-SThe Mode-S eliminates or
reduces to a great extent all the inconveniences
until now associated with Secondary Radars such
as garbling, fruit and over interrogation.The
Mode-S interrogation increases the performance of
secondary radars in terms of enhanced
Surveillance Function by introducing the
following capabilities
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All-Call acquisition Lockout Selective
addressing with unique aircraft identification
code Error detection and correction Adaptive
interrogation Single surveillance interrogation
and reply per antenna scan
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Furthermore, the Mode-S supports station digital
data exchange between ground and airborne
computers, implementing one of the ATN
(Aeronautical Telecomunication Network)
air/ground sub-networks.SIR-S equipment main
featuresUse of state-of-the-ar t technology
Latest generation of RF Power Transistors Very
Large Scale Integration (SMD technique) Latest
generation processors and architectures
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Full redundancy of critical items Two
Transmitter Units Two Receiver Units Two
Processor UnitsCross-coupled configuration
Hot/Stand by Transmitter and Receiver with
Processor UnitsFault-tolerance Processor Unit
in Master-Slave configuration
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EXTENDED PERFORMANCE MONITORINGbased on
Processing of Replies from the Test Transponder
Generation of Replies at RF level with TTG
circuitry On-line receiver logarithmic
characteristic calibration Extensive on-line
BITE for LRU fault detection
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Improved azimuth monopulse estimationTwo
algorithms are used for the azimuth
angleestimation Amplitude and sign processing
(ASP) Dot Product Processing (DPP)A selection
logic activates the DPP algorithm for replies
very close to the boresight in order to minimize
the estimate error.
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Mode-4 compatibilitySuitable hardware inter face
for external cryptographicdevice is available.
Dedicated extraction logic allow the extraction
of friend-foe-unknown informationFull Mode-S
operationSIR-S equipment fully complies with
ICAO latest Mode-S requirements and with the
Eurocontrol EMS (EuropeanMode-S Station)
requirements.
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SIR EQUIPMENT CHARACTERISTICS TRANSMITTER
UNITTechnology Full Solid State and plug-in
devicesConfiguration Two independent
transmitting chains (Sum, Omni) inthe SIR-S
version Single chain with automatic RF switch
in the SIR-MversionTX frequency 1030 MHz
0.01 MHz ( SIR- S)Output power gt 62 dBm (32
dBW)
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ATC MIL modes Fully suppor ted (mode 4
included)TX monitoring logic BITE and status
repor ting Malfunction detection at LRU level
Protection Circuits Shor t and open circuit
Over-voltage from P.S. faults Excess duty cycle
and temperature on heat sinkReceiver
unitTechnology Full Solid State and plug-in
devicesConfiguration Three amplitude and
phase matched LOG channels
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Signal Output characteristics SUM, DIFF and
OMNI channels 2 identical video outputs for the
two extractors Phase detector channel 2
identical outputs for the two extractorsRX
control logic Autotest procedure for each
channel Test Target Generator (RF Signal)
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RX monitoring logic BITE and Status Repor
ting Malfunction Detection at LRU level
Protection Circuits Over-voltage from P.S.
faults Input inter ference protectionDynamic
range 90 dBNoise figure lt3.6 dB
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PROCESSING UNITIt is a multiprocessor system
based on a Power PChardware platform, which can
be easily upgraded ascapacity demands
growth.Due to its modular design, technological
enhancementscan be incorporated in the HW
platform without impact on the architecture and
the SW applications.The receiver inter face
consists of dedicated boardsper forming all the
necessary operations to process thereceived
replies using 4 A/D conver ters (Sum, Diff, Omni
and Sin) with 10 bit word and 20 MHz sampling
rate. All the boards inter face to each other by
a VME Bus.
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PROCESSOR MAIN FUNCTIONSUplink control
Sectorial control of Tx power Pulse to pulse
modulation PRF selection Interlace
management Interrogation staggering
Interrogation modes management Frame management
(SIR-S version)
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Downlink Control Sensitivity time control
(STC) and range azimuth gated STC Adaptive
thresholds for multipath rejectionPulse Reply
Processing Rx Output Processing Pulse
Detection Reply Processing for modes 1,2,3/A,
B, C, D, 4 Reply Processing for Mode-S (SIR-S
version)
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Plot Extraction Correlation among replies
(ATC, MIL and Mode-S)received during the "dwell
time" and construction ofplots (for A/C targets)
and target repor ts (for Mode-Stargets)
Channel ManagementIt includes all the
functionalities necessary to use the RF channel,
in order to accomplish the surveillance
andcommunication functions of the radar.Timing
of the channel activities is per formed in order
to accomplish correct interrogation and
accuratemanagement of the relevant replies.
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Ancillary Functions BIT (Built-In-Test)
System Communication (serial line/LAN ETHERNET
TCP-IP/X.25) Intercomputer (Master-Slave
management/processingsynchronization/Data Base
alignment)
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MODE-S OPERATIONAL STATIONSIR-S operational
capabilities are fully exploited by inser ting
the equipment in the SELEX Sistemi Integrati
Mode-S Operational Station, developed following a
wide research, experimental activities and field
experience through operational use.
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The station has been designed to all performance
and functional characteristics specified by
Eurocontrol for usein the European
Airspace.The items in the station carry out the
following tasks in addition to the above
mentioned SIR-S function
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Radar data filtering and trackingRadar data
are processed in order to estimate the current
and predict the future speed and position of the
aircraft,reducing measurement errors. Predicted
positions in scan i are used for selective
interrogations in scan i 1.
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Surveillance CoordinationMode-S interrogations
per formed by associated stations are coordinated
and handover is managed according to sensor
coverage maps.Data LinkEnhanced surveillance
services are provided to local and remote users
through the Mode-S communication link managed by
the station. SupervisionEvaluation of
different operative functions control equipment
status and diagnostic facilities.
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ASR-E
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Monopulse Secondary Surveillance Radar
The modular MSSR 2000 I system (here a
civil variant)
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The standard MSSR interrogator for the ASR-E
system is the MSSR 2000 I. The Interrogator
MSSR 2000 I is of modular design. The system
fulfills all requirements for a European Mode S
Station for elementary surveillance as well as
for enhanced surveillance, ground/air data link
including de-centralized control in a cluster
application. The Interrogator MSSR 2000 I
includes reasonable growth capability to allow
the incorporation of new modes or features in the
future as a result of its modern technology.
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MSSR 2000 I interrogator including a
combiner unit with a crypto computer
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The MSSR 2000 I operates in the following modes
which conform to ICAO Annex 10 and STANAG 4193
part 1 - 4 requirements- Mode 1,2,3/A,C,4-
Mode S (level 4)- Mode A/C/S All-Call- Mode A/C
only All-Call- Mode 1,2,3/A,C mode interlace-
Supermode
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The MSSR 2000 I can interrogate in interlace
modus, (sequences of different modes freely
programmable by the user through menu guided
input)e.g. M1M1 or AAC or any other desired
sequence. The design of the MSSR 2000 I includes
the capability to be upgraded to the new military
Mode 5.
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 Specificationsfrequency
1030 / 1090 megahertzespulse
repetition time (PRT)pulse repetition frequency
(PRF) pulsewidth (PW) receive time dead
timepeak power up
to 2 kilowattsaverage powerdisplayed
range range resolution beamwidth hits per
scan antenna rotation  
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END.